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Questions and Answers
What are the structural elements of nucleic acids?
What are the structural elements of nucleic acids?
- Nucleotides and nucleosides (correct)
- Amino acids and phospholipids
- Carbohydrates and proteins
- Glycerol and fatty acids
Which atoms are present in the composition of nucleotides?
Which atoms are present in the composition of nucleotides?
- C, O, Fe, and Na
- C, H, N, and P (correct)
- Mg, N, F, and Br
- H, S, K, and Cl
What is the primary structure of DNA?
What is the primary structure of DNA?
- Formation of complementary base pairs
- Double helix structure
- Sequence of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds (correct)
- Twisting of the DNA molecule around histone proteins
What are the types of RNA mentioned in the chapter?
What are the types of RNA mentioned in the chapter?
What does the genetic information in DNA molecules primarily reside in?
What does the genetic information in DNA molecules primarily reside in?
Apart from carrying genetic information, what other role do sugar and phosphate groups play in DNA molecules?
Apart from carrying genetic information, what other role do sugar and phosphate groups play in DNA molecules?
What did Chargaff discover about the base ratios in DNA?
What did Chargaff discover about the base ratios in DNA?
What is the primary structure of RNA composed of?
What is the primary structure of RNA composed of?
Which form of DNA is favored in solutions devoid of water?
Which form of DNA is favored in solutions devoid of water?
How is the complementary strand synthesized during DNA replication?
How is the complementary strand synthesized during DNA replication?
What is responsible for the secondary structure important for the function of the RNA molecule?
What is responsible for the secondary structure important for the function of the RNA molecule?
Which scientist studied the DNA structure using x-ray technology to study DNA fibers?
Which scientist studied the DNA structure using x-ray technology to study DNA fibers?
What holds the double helix structure of DNA together?
What holds the double helix structure of DNA together?
What did Watson and Crick's double helix model suggest about the transmission of genetic information?
What did Watson and Crick's double helix model suggest about the transmission of genetic information?
What happens when DNA strands are denatured by high temperature?
What happens when DNA strands are denatured by high temperature?
In eukaryotes, what is found at the 5'-end of mRNA?
In eukaryotes, what is found at the 5'-end of mRNA?
What type of RNA contains different structures including loop and double helix region (hairpin)?
What type of RNA contains different structures including loop and double helix region (hairpin)?
What does chromatin condensation involve?
What does chromatin condensation involve?
Which molecule lacks an oxygen atom that is present in ribose?
Which molecule lacks an oxygen atom that is present in ribose?
What is the correct composition of a nucleoside?
What is the correct composition of a nucleoside?
Which of the following is a purine?
Which of the following is a purine?
What is the name of the bond that links a nitrogenous base to a pentose in a nucleoside?
What is the name of the bond that links a nitrogenous base to a pentose in a nucleoside?
Which nucleotide is not found in RNA?
Which nucleotide is not found in RNA?
What compound forms highly energetic bonds between other phosphate groups to form diphosphate and triphosphate nucleotides?
What compound forms highly energetic bonds between other phosphate groups to form diphosphate and triphosphate nucleotides?
In ATP, where is the most common site of esterification in naturally occurring nucleotides?
In ATP, where is the most common site of esterification in naturally occurring nucleotides?
Which molecule participates in Redox reactions by transferring H+ and electrons from one substrate to the other?
Which molecule participates in Redox reactions by transferring H+ and electrons from one substrate to the other?
Which organic compound is essential in small quantities and acts as coenzymes or forms part of them?
Which organic compound is essential in small quantities and acts as coenzymes or forms part of them?
'ACGT' represents the sequence of bases in DNA from which end to which end?
'ACGT' represents the sequence of bases in DNA from which end to which end?
'ACGT' from adenine to thymine end represents the sequence of bases in which part of DNA?
'ACGT' from adenine to thymine end represents the sequence of bases in which part of DNA?
Which molecule participates in the transfer of chemical groups by transferring acetyl groups to other substrates?
Which molecule participates in the transfer of chemical groups by transferring acetyl groups to other substrates?
What is formed when cAMP undergoes ester bonds with -OH at position 3'?
What is formed when cAMP undergoes ester bonds with -OH at position 3'?
In eukaryotes, what is the primary role of the poly A tail in mRNA molecules?
In eukaryotes, what is the primary role of the poly A tail in mRNA molecules?
What is the main function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the main function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the distinctive feature of mature tRNA molecules that enables them to bind to specific codons in the ribosome?
What is the distinctive feature of mature tRNA molecules that enables them to bind to specific codons in the ribosome?
What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of nucleolar RNA in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary function of nucleolar RNA in a eukaryotic cell?
In molecular terms, what does a gene consist of?
In molecular terms, what does a gene consist of?
What distinguishes genes in eukaryotes from those in prokaryotes?
What distinguishes genes in eukaryotes from those in prokaryotes?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription units?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription units?
What is the primary role of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in eukaryotic cells?
What is a distinct characteristic of genes in prokaryotes compared to those in eukaryotes?
What is a distinct characteristic of genes in prokaryotes compared to those in eukaryotes?
What is the primary role of iRNA (double-stranded RNA) in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of iRNA (double-stranded RNA) in eukaryotic cells?
Flashcards
What are nucleotides?
What are nucleotides?
Building blocks of nucleic acids, made of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
What is DNA's double helix?
What is DNA's double helix?
A twisted ladder shape formed by two complementary strands of DNA.
Key atoms in nucleotides?
Key atoms in nucleotides?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
Where is genetic information in DNA?
Where is genetic information in DNA?
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Function of sugar and phosphate in DNA?
Function of sugar and phosphate in DNA?
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What form does DNA primarily exist?
What form does DNA primarily exist?
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What is RNA's primary structure?
What is RNA's primary structure?
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Describe RNA's other structues?
Describe RNA's other structues?
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Enzyme for DNA replication?
Enzyme for DNA replication?
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Why is secondary structure key to RNA?
Why is secondary structure key to RNA?
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Primary function of tRNA?
Primary function of tRNA?
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What's special about mature tRNA?
What's special about mature tRNA?
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Primary function of rRNA?
Primary function of rRNA?
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Primary function of nucleolar RNA?
Primary function of nucleolar RNA?
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What is a Gene?
What is a Gene?
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What distinguishes eukaryotic genes?
What distinguishes eukaryotic genes?
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Primary role of dsRNA in eukaryotes?
Primary role of dsRNA in eukaryotes?
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Primary role of iRNA in eukaryotes?
Primary role of iRNA in eukaryotes?
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What did Chargaff discover?
What did Chargaff discover?
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What did Watson & Crick's model suggest?
What did Watson & Crick's model suggest?
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What did Franklin & Wilkins do?
What did Franklin & Wilkins do?
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Effect of high temperature on DNA?
Effect of high temperature on DNA?
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What is found at the 5' end of mRNA in eukaryotes?
What is found at the 5' end of mRNA in eukaryotes?
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Role of ATP in Redox reactions?
Role of ATP in Redox reactions?
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Role of Coenzyme A in small quantites?
Role of Coenzyme A in small quantites?
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What does ACGT represent?
What does ACGT represent?
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What is the function of a gene?
What is the function of a gene?
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How are genes in eukaryotes different?
How are genes in eukaryotes different?
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What gets synthesized during replication?
What gets synthesized during replication?
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Function of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Function of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
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Study Notes
Nucleic Acids Structure
- Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- The primary structure of DNA is a double helix, where two complementary strands are twisted together.
Composition of Nucleotides
- Atoms present in the composition of nucleotides include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
DNA Structure
- The genetic information in DNA molecules primarily resides in the sequence of nitrogenous bases.
- Sugar and phosphate groups play a crucial role in holding the double helix structure of DNA together.
- The primary structure of DNA is favored in solutions devoid of water in the B-form.
RNA Structure
- The primary structure of RNA is composed of a single strand with a ribose sugar molecule and a phosphate group.
- RNA contains different structures, including loop and double helix regions (hairpin).
DNA Replication
- During DNA replication, the complementary strand is synthesized by the enzyme DNA polymerase.
RNA Function
- The secondary structure of RNA molecules is important for their function.
- The primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis is to carry amino acids to the ribosomes.
- The distinctive feature of mature tRNA molecules is their ability to bind to specific codons in the ribosome.
- The primary function of rRNA in protein synthesis is to form part of the ribosome.
- The primary function of nucleolar RNA in a eukaryotic cell is to synthesize rRNA.
Gene Structure
- A gene consists of a sequence of nucleotides that code for a specific protein or RNA molecule.
- Genes in eukaryotes are distinguished from those in prokaryotes by the presence of introns and exons.
Gene Expression
- The primary role of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in eukaryotic cells is to regulate gene expression.
- The primary role of iRNA (double-stranded RNA) in eukaryotic cells is to interfere with gene expression.
Discoveries
- Chargaff discovered that the ratios of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine are equal in DNA molecules.
- Watson and Crick's double helix model suggested that genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through the replication of DNA.
- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used x-ray technology to study DNA fibers.
Other
- High temperature can denature DNA strands, causing them to separate.
- In eukaryotes, a cap structure is found at the 5'-end of mRNA.
- ATP is a molecule that participates in Redox reactions by transferring H+ and electrons from one substrate to the other.
- Coenzyme A is an organic compound essential in small quantities that acts as a coenzyme or forms part of them.
- 'ACGT' represents the sequence of bases in DNA from the 5'-end to the 3'-end.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of DNA, including the specific DNA sequence, polynucleotide chain directionality, and the types of DNA. Explore the primary and secondary structure of DNA and learn about the scientists who contributed to our understanding of DNA's molecular structure.
