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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of DNA replication?
What is the primary function of DNA replication?
What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
What is the role of chromosomes in a cell?
What is the role of chromosomes in a cell?
What is the term for every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule?
What is the term for every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule?
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What is the end result of mitosis?
What is the end result of mitosis?
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What is the primary function of meiosis?
What is the primary function of meiosis?
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What is the first stage of mitosis?
What is the first stage of mitosis?
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What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?
What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?
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What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?
What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?
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What is the term that describes mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?
What is the term that describes mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?
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What type of mutation involves the addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence?
What type of mutation involves the addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence?
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What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?
What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?
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What is the proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool?
What is the proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool?
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How many alleles do organisms receive for every trait from each biological parent?
How many alleles do organisms receive for every trait from each biological parent?
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What is the term for a trait that is expressed in an organism?
What is the term for a trait that is expressed in an organism?
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What happens to a recessive trait in an organism?
What happens to a recessive trait in an organism?
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What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?
What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?
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What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA on a gene?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA on a gene?
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What type of mutation involves the removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence?
What type of mutation involves the removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence?
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What is the frequency of an allele within a population's gene pool?
What is the frequency of an allele within a population's gene pool?
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What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?
What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?
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What is the effect of a dominant allele on an organism?
What is the effect of a dominant allele on an organism?
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What is the effect of a recessive allele on an organism?
What is the effect of a recessive allele on an organism?
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What can cause mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?
What can cause mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?
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What does DNA contain for a cell?
What does DNA contain for a cell?
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What is the sugar found in a DNA molecule?
What is the sugar found in a DNA molecule?
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What is the smallest unit of heredity?
What is the smallest unit of heredity?
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What is the outcome of the process of DNA replication?
What is the outcome of the process of DNA replication?
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What is the role of mitosis in a cell?
What is the role of mitosis in a cell?
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What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?
What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?
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What is the primary function of meiosis?
What is the primary function of meiosis?
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What is the term for the repeating units of a DNA molecule?
What is the term for the repeating units of a DNA molecule?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Composition
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Located in the nucleus of a cell
- Stores genetic material for the cell
DNA Molecule
- Made up of 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- Double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder or spiral staircase
DNA Components
- Composed of repeating units called nucleotides
- Chromosomes are composed of genes, which are segments of DNA that code for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait
Codons and Amino Acids
- Every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule are called a codon
- Every codon calls for a specific amino acid, which in turn builds the protein
DNA Replication
- Process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
- Necessary for the cell to have the same genetic material as the original (parent) cell
Mitosis
- Process by which a parent cell divides, creating two daughter cells
- End result: two daughter cells with identical genetic information
- Steps of mitosis:
- Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
- Anaphase: chromosomes start to separate and pull toward opposite poles
- Telophase: two nuclei form on opposite sides of the cell
Meiosis
- Process by which reproductive cells divide
- End result: 4 daughter cells with half of the genetic information (haploid)
- Original cell divides twice
Mutations
- Mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA can occur during replication or meiosis
- Term: mutation
- Types of mutations:
- Substitution: one nucleotide is swapped for another, altering a single amino acid in the resulting protein sequence
- Insertion: addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame
- Deletion: removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame
Effects of Mutations
- Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
Alleles and Allele Frequency
- Allele: variant form of a gene, distinguished by differences in DNA sequence
- Allele frequency: proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool, often expressed as a percentage
Dominant and Recessive Traits
- Organisms receive one allele for every trait from each biological parent
- Dominant allele: trait that is expressed in an organism
- Recessive trait: trait that is not expressed but can be passed to offspring
DNA Structure and Composition
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Located in the nucleus of a cell
- Stores genetic material for the cell
DNA Molecule
- Made up of 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- Double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder or spiral staircase
DNA Components
- Composed of repeating units called nucleotides
- Chromosomes are composed of genes, which are segments of DNA that code for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait
Codons and Amino Acids
- Every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule are called a codon
- Every codon calls for a specific amino acid, which in turn builds the protein
DNA Replication
- Process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
- Necessary for the cell to have the same genetic material as the original (parent) cell
Mitosis
- Process by which a parent cell divides, creating two daughter cells
- End result: two daughter cells with identical genetic information
- Steps of mitosis:
- Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
- Anaphase: chromosomes start to separate and pull toward opposite poles
- Telophase: two nuclei form on opposite sides of the cell
Meiosis
- Process by which reproductive cells divide
- End result: 4 daughter cells with half of the genetic information (haploid)
- Original cell divides twice
Mutations
- Mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA can occur during replication or meiosis
- Term: mutation
- Types of mutations:
- Substitution: one nucleotide is swapped for another, altering a single amino acid in the resulting protein sequence
- Insertion: addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame
- Deletion: removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame
Effects of Mutations
- Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
Alleles and Allele Frequency
- Allele: variant form of a gene, distinguished by differences in DNA sequence
- Allele frequency: proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool, often expressed as a percentage
Dominant and Recessive Traits
- Organisms receive one allele for every trait from each biological parent
- Dominant allele: trait that is expressed in an organism
- Recessive trait: trait that is not expressed but can be passed to offspring
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Description
Quiz about the basics of DNA, including its location, composition, and structure. Learn about the double helix model and the four nitrogen bases that make up DNA.