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Biology: DNA Structure and Function
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Biology: DNA Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of DNA replication?

  • To read the genetic code
  • To ensure the new cell has the same genetic material as the parent cell (correct)
  • To initiate the process of mitosis
  • To create a new cell with different genetic material

    • What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

  • A single helix with 5 carbon sugar
  • A double helix with 5 carbon sugar
  • A double helix with a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and 4 nitrogen bases (correct)
  • A double helix with 5 nitrogen bases

    • What is the role of chromosomes in a cell?

  • To initiate the process of mitosis
  • To compose of genes, which codes for a particular trait (correct)
  • To replicate the DNA molecule
  • To store genetic material for the cell

    • What is the term for every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule?

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of mitosis?

    <p>Two daughter cells with identical genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>To create reproductive cells that divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?

    <p>A specific amino acid is built</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?

    <p>4 daughter cells with half of the genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves the addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence?

    <p>Insertion mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool?

    <p>Allele frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alleles do organisms receive for every trait from each biological parent?

    <p>Two alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a trait that is expressed in an organism?

    <p>Dominant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a recessive trait in an organism?

    <p>It can be passed to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cell dividing twice during meiosis?

    <p>4 cells with half of the genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA on a gene?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves the removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence?

    <p>Deletion mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of an allele within a population's gene pool?

    <p>Allele frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variant form of a gene distinguished by differences in DNA sequence?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a dominant allele on an organism?

    <p>The trait will be seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a recessive allele on an organism?

    <p>The trait won't be seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA contain for a cell?

    <p>Stores genetic material for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar found in a DNA molecule?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of heredity?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Two identical DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in a cell?

    <p>To create two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of every codon in a DNA molecule?

    <p>The synthesis of a specific amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>To create gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the repeating units of a DNA molecule?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Composition

    • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • Located in the nucleus of a cell
    • Stores genetic material for the cell

    DNA Molecule

    • Made up of 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
    • Double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder or spiral staircase

    DNA Components

    • Composed of repeating units called nucleotides
    • Chromosomes are composed of genes, which are segments of DNA that code for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule are called a codon
    • Every codon calls for a specific amino acid, which in turn builds the protein

    DNA Replication

    • Process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
    • Necessary for the cell to have the same genetic material as the original (parent) cell

    Mitosis

    • Process by which a parent cell divides, creating two daughter cells
    • End result: two daughter cells with identical genetic information
    • Steps of mitosis:
      • Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
      • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
      • Anaphase: chromosomes start to separate and pull toward opposite poles
      • Telophase: two nuclei form on opposite sides of the cell

    Meiosis

    • Process by which reproductive cells divide
    • End result: 4 daughter cells with half of the genetic information (haploid)
    • Original cell divides twice

    Mutations

    • Mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA can occur during replication or meiosis
    • Term: mutation
    • Types of mutations:
      • Substitution: one nucleotide is swapped for another, altering a single amino acid in the resulting protein sequence
      • Insertion: addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame
      • Deletion: removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame

    Effects of Mutations

    • Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

    Alleles and Allele Frequency

    • Allele: variant form of a gene, distinguished by differences in DNA sequence
    • Allele frequency: proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool, often expressed as a percentage

    Dominant and Recessive Traits

    • Organisms receive one allele for every trait from each biological parent
    • Dominant allele: trait that is expressed in an organism
    • Recessive trait: trait that is not expressed but can be passed to offspring

    DNA Structure and Composition

    • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • Located in the nucleus of a cell
    • Stores genetic material for the cell

    DNA Molecule

    • Made up of 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
    • Double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder or spiral staircase

    DNA Components

    • Composed of repeating units called nucleotides
    • Chromosomes are composed of genes, which are segments of DNA that code for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Every 3 bases of a DNA molecule or mRNA molecule are called a codon
    • Every codon calls for a specific amino acid, which in turn builds the protein

    DNA Replication

    • Process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
    • Necessary for the cell to have the same genetic material as the original (parent) cell

    Mitosis

    • Process by which a parent cell divides, creating two daughter cells
    • End result: two daughter cells with identical genetic information
    • Steps of mitosis:
      • Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
      • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
      • Anaphase: chromosomes start to separate and pull toward opposite poles
      • Telophase: two nuclei form on opposite sides of the cell

    Meiosis

    • Process by which reproductive cells divide
    • End result: 4 daughter cells with half of the genetic information (haploid)
    • Original cell divides twice

    Mutations

    • Mistakes in making copies of a cell's DNA can occur during replication or meiosis
    • Term: mutation
    • Types of mutations:
      • Substitution: one nucleotide is swapped for another, altering a single amino acid in the resulting protein sequence
      • Insertion: addition of extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame
      • Deletion: removal of nucleotides from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame

    Effects of Mutations

    • Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

    Alleles and Allele Frequency

    • Allele: variant form of a gene, distinguished by differences in DNA sequence
    • Allele frequency: proportion of a particular allele within a population's gene pool, often expressed as a percentage

    Dominant and Recessive Traits

    • Organisms receive one allele for every trait from each biological parent
    • Dominant allele: trait that is expressed in an organism
    • Recessive trait: trait that is not expressed but can be passed to offspring

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    Description

    Quiz about the basics of DNA, including its location, composition, and structure. Learn about the double helix model and the four nitrogen bases that make up DNA.

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