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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the primary function of helicase in DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for linking Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for linking Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
What role does topoisomerase (gyrase) play during DNA replication?
What role does topoisomerase (gyrase) play during DNA replication?
What is the function of endonuclease in DNA repair?
What is the function of endonuclease in DNA repair?
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Which type of mutation introduces a stop codon?
Which type of mutation introduces a stop codon?
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What distinguishes exons from introns in a gene?
What distinguishes exons from introns in a gene?
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What is described as the worst type of mutation?
What is described as the worst type of mutation?
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Which molecule primarily encodes genetic information in cells?
Which molecule primarily encodes genetic information in cells?
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What is the purpose of the 5' G cap and the 3' poly-A tail in mRNA?
What is the purpose of the 5' G cap and the 3' poly-A tail in mRNA?
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Which of the following blots is used for transferring RNA?
Which of the following blots is used for transferring RNA?
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What type of mutation is responsible for causing sickle cell disease?
What type of mutation is responsible for causing sickle cell disease?
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What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium imply about a population?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium imply about a population?
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Which direction does transcription occur in DNA?
Which direction does transcription occur in DNA?
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What is the most abundant type of RNA found in cells?
What is the most abundant type of RNA found in cells?
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What term describes the heritable change in DNA?
What term describes the heritable change in DNA?
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What is the primary purpose of a restriction enzyme?
What is the primary purpose of a restriction enzyme?
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What is the significance of DNA being double-stranded with antiparallel strands?
What is the significance of DNA being double-stranded with antiparallel strands?
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What is the role of SSBPs during DNA replication?
What is the role of SSBPs during DNA replication?
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How does telomerase function in cellular biology?
How does telomerase function in cellular biology?
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What types of proteins are vital for the formation of ribosomes?
What types of proteins are vital for the formation of ribosomes?
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What is the purpose of the promoter in the context of transcription?
What is the purpose of the promoter in the context of transcription?
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Which characteristic defines a missense mutation?
Which characteristic defines a missense mutation?
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What is the function of ubiquitin in cellular processes?
What is the function of ubiquitin in cellular processes?
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What is the main outcome of gel electrophoresis?
What is the main outcome of gel electrophoresis?
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Which aspect is a distinguishing feature of introns compared to exons?
Which aspect is a distinguishing feature of introns compared to exons?
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What does DNA ligase specifically do during DNA replication?
What does DNA ligase specifically do during DNA replication?
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What type of selection is characterized by maintaining a constant environment without drastic changes?
What type of selection is characterized by maintaining a constant environment without drastic changes?
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What describes the process by which genetic changes occur randomly in a small population?
What describes the process by which genetic changes occur randomly in a small population?
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During what process are the primary transcripts of genes modified to become their mature form?
During what process are the primary transcripts of genes modified to become their mature form?
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Which type of blot is specifically used for the detection of proteins?
Which type of blot is specifically used for the detection of proteins?
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What is the role of an enhancer in gene regulation?
What is the role of an enhancer in gene regulation?
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What is the main function of reverse transcriptase in viruses?
What is the main function of reverse transcriptase in viruses?
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What characteristic of an operator is significant in the regulation of gene expression?
What characteristic of an operator is significant in the regulation of gene expression?
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How is DNA primarily separated into fragments after being cut by a restriction enzyme?
How is DNA primarily separated into fragments after being cut by a restriction enzyme?
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Which of the following mutations results in a change in the nucleotide sequence but does not result in a change in the protein's amino acid sequence?
Which of the following mutations results in a change in the nucleotide sequence but does not result in a change in the protein's amino acid sequence?
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What concept is best described as a change over time in lines of descent?
What concept is best described as a change over time in lines of descent?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is a double-stranded helix.
- Strands are antiparallel.
- Held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A=T, G=C).
- Bases are inside, phosphates are outside.
- Uniform width (3 rings wide).
Enzyme Functions
- Helicase: unwinds DNA.
- DNA Polymerase: synthesizes DNA 5' to 3'.
- SSBPs (single-stranded binding proteins): keep DNA single-stranded.
- DNA Ligase: joins Okazaki fragments.
- Topoisomerase (Gyrase): relieves stress during DNA replication.
- Primase: adds a small piece of RNA (primer) to initiate DNA replication.
- Endonuclease: cuts out damaged DNA segments.
Replication and Other Cellular Processes
- Okazaki fragments: short DNA segments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand.
- Plasmids: small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria.
- Ribosomes are made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins.
- mRNA (messenger RNA) codes for proteins.
- Exons: expressed parts of genes, kept during translation.
- Introns: intervening parts of genes, removed during translation.
- Translation: initiation (small subunit, mRNA, initiator tRNA, large subunit), elongation (codon by codon), and termination (stop codon)
- 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail: added to mRNA for stability and transport out of the nucleus.
Transcription and Regulation
- Promoters: regions of DNA that signal where transcription begins.
- RNA polymerase: binds to the promoter to initiate transcription.
- Tightly packed DNA prevents transcription.
Mutations and Protein Structure
- Missense mutation: changes a codon, resulting in a different amino acid.
- Frameshift mutation: adds or subtracts a base, altering the reading frame.
- Nonsense mutation: changes a codon into a stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein.
- Silent mutation: changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size using an electric field.
Ubiquitin
- Tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome.
Other Concepts
- Telomerase: maintains telomeres (chromosome ends).
- Southern, Northern, and Western blots: techniques used to detect specific DNA, RNA, or proteins.
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: describes the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant.
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequencies in small populations (bottleneck & founder effect).
- Sexual selection: advantageous mating traits give an advantage.
- Temporal Isolation: species reproduce at different times or seasons.
- Pre- and Postzygotic mechanisms: prevent or block the reproductive process between two organisms from different species.
Cellular Processes and Components
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): structural component of ribosomes.
- r proteins: protein components of ribosomes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of DNA, including the roles of various enzymes in DNA replication. This quiz covers key concepts such as base pairing, the helix structure, and the enzymes involved in replication processes. Perfect for students studying molecular biology and genetics.
