Super Tic Tac Toe Final Exam Review Questions PDF

Final Exam Review Practice Questions 1. What is the structure of DNA? - Double-stranded helix - Strands are antiparallel - Two strands held together with hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing rules A=T AND G=C - Bases are inside, phosphates outside - Uniform wid...

Final Exam Review Practice Questions 1. What is the structure of DNA? - Double-stranded helix - Strands are antiparallel - Two strands held together with hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing rules A=T AND G=C - Bases are inside, phosphates outside - Uniform width – 3 rings wide 2. What does helicase do? Unwind DNA 3. What does DNA Polymerase do? Makes DNA 5’ to 3’ 4. What do SSBP’s do? Keeps the DNA single-stranded 5. What enzyme covalently links Okazaki fragments? DNA Ligase 6. What enzyme relives stress on DNA that occurs during DNA replication? Topoisomerase (Gyrase) 7. What enzyme primes the system and adds a small piece of RNA? Primase 8. What does endonuclease do? Cuts out damaged parts of DNA and adds DNA polymerase and DNA ligase in the gap 9. What does telomerase do? Replaces telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes) 10. What are plasmids? Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria 11. What do you need to make ribosomes? - rRNA’S - r proteins - small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA 12. What RNA codes for proteins? mRNA 13. Explain the difference between exons and introns. Exons: expressed, keep; Introns: intervening, throw out 14. What is the correct order of translation? Initiation – small subunit, mRNA, and initiator tRNA come together, large subunit of ribosome binds Elongation – translation begins at AUG start codon Termination – Elongation continues until the stop codon is reached 15. Why do we need a 5 G cap and 3 polyAtails? It tells us transcription is over For transportation out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm  Provides stability to the message 16. Define what a promoter is. Tells us where transcription occurs. Promoters are bound by RNA polymerase. 17. What happens when DNA is tightly packaged? No transcription occurs. In order for transcription to occur, you want histones and DNA to unwind. 18. Is CH4 a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond? Nonpolar covalent bond. 19. What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? It separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size using an electric field. 20. What is the purpose of ubiquitin? Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome, regulating protein levels and removing damaged or unnecessary proteins. 21. What type of mutation causes sickle cell? Missense mutation. 22. What mutation adds or subtracts a base causing a completely different protein? Frameshift mutation 23. What mutation changes the base resulting in a stop codon? Nonsense mutation 24. What mutation is described as the worst? Frameshift mutation 25. What mutation changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid? Silent mutation 26. What are the Southerns, Northerns, and Westerns blots? i. Southern Blot: Transfers DNA ii. Northern Blot: Transfer RNA iii. Western Blot: Transfer proteins 27. What are the five traits of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a. No mutations. b. Random mating. c. No selection. d. Large population size. e. Isolation 28. What is the order that life started? RNA --→ Proteins ----→ DNA 29. How many extinction events occurred on Earth? 5 30. What is described as a change in lines of descent over time? Evolution 31. What term is described as a heritable change in DNA? Mutation 32. Describe gene flow. Refers to the migration of individuals between different populations followed by breeding 33. Describe genetic drift. Refers to the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding population 34. What type of selection results in no environmental change? Stabilizing selection 35. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded - DNA used deoxyribose; RNA used ribose - DNA utilizes bases A, C, T, G; RNA utilizes bases A, C, T, U 36. What direction does transcription occur? 5’ to 3’v bbcvcv 37. What is the most abundant RNA? rRNA 38. What is an operator? The on/off switch bound by a repressor 39. The proteins utilized to package DNA are… Histones 40. What is Histone-Acetylation? Adding an acetyl group to the histones to neutralize the charge, loosening the grip on DNA and allowing it to unpackage so transcription can occur. 41. What is an enhancer? Occurs anywhere in the DNA sequence and is bound by activators and inhibitors. 42. What is RNA processing? The series of events that turn a gene's primary transcript into its mature form 43. Of all the ways to control gene expression in eukaryotes, what is the most efficient and important way? Transcriptional Control 44. What is the purpose of a restriction enzyme? Used to cut DNA. 45. How do you separate the fragments you cut from the restriction enzyme? Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA according to size 46. Why are plasmids important? Allows us to move DNA from one species into another species 47. What enzyme do viruses have and what does it do? Reverse transcriptase – allows you to make DNA from RNA 48. Describe the difference between anticodon and codon. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. An anticodon is a complementary three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that pairs with the codon during translation. 49. What are the two examples of genetic drift? Bottleneck and founder effect. 50. This term is described as when a population is severely reduced in numbers due to fluctuations in the environment Bottleneck 51. When you have traits that give you an advantage at mating that is described as… Sexual selection 52. What type of isolation is when species reproduce at different times or different seasons? Temporal Isolation 53. Did we all come from a single ancestral cell or a pool of cells? Pool of cells Be able to tell what type of selection based on a given scenario Be able to answer any equilibrium equations Know the reproductive isolation mechanisms - Prezygotic - Postzygotic Be able to complete dihybrid and monohybrid crosses