DNA, RNA, and Recombinant DNA Technology

Which molecule serves as the monomer for RNA?

What does DNA's ribose sugar lack compared to RNA's ribose sugar?

What serves as the monomer for proteins?

Which molecule serves as the monomer for starch?

In recombinant DNA technology, what is used to modify the DNA of any organism with a DNA fragment of another organism?

What is the first GMO mentioned in the text?

Which enzyme is responsible for adding phosphate groups at the 5' end of double-stranded DNA?

What is the most widely used DNA ligase derived from?

What type of enzyme is responsible for adding or eliminating chemical groups in DNA?

What type of endonuclease recognizes a symmetric DNA sequence and cuts between the sequence?

Which enzyme is responsible for removing phosphate at the 5' end of DNA?

What type of DNA ends are produced by the endonuclease EcoRV?

'Sticky ends' in DNA increase the efficiency of which enzyme?

'Reverse Transcriptase' is extracted from which type of virus?

'Concatemer' refers to the formation of a chain of what?

'Operon' consists of which components?

RNA and DNA Structure

The monomer for RNA is nucleotides, which consist of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA’s ribose sugar, deoxyribose, lacks an oxygen atom at the 2' position compared to RNA's ribose sugar.

Proteins and Starch Composition

The monomer for proteins is amino acids, which link together through peptide bonds.
The monomer for starch is glucose, which polymerizes to form polysaccharides.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA technology modifies the DNA of an organism using DNA fragments from another organism, often employing various enzymes for manipulation.
The first genetically modified organism (GMO) commonly referenced is the bacterium E. coli.

Enzymes in DNA Modification

DNA polymerase is responsible for adding phosphate groups at the 5' end of double-stranded DNA.
The most widely used DNA ligase is derived from the bacterium T4 phage.
The enzyme type that adds or eliminates chemical groups in DNA is called a modification enzyme.

Endonucleases in DNA

Restriction endonucleases recognize specific symmetric DNA sequences and cleave the DNA between them.
EcoRV endonuclease produces blunt ends, which do not have overhanging nucleotides.

Enzymatic Functions

An exonuclease is responsible for removing phosphate groups at the 5' end of DNA.
Sticky ends produced by restriction enzymes increase the efficiency of ligation during DNA recombination processes.

Reverse Transcriptase and Concatermers

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme extracted from retroviruses, playing a crucial role in converting RNA to complementary DNA (cDNA).
A concatemer refers to a long chain of repetitive DNA sequences, typically formed in the process of viral replication.

Operon Structure

An operon consists of a series of genes controlled by a single promoter, along with regulatory elements that manage gene expression in prokaryotes.

Test your knowledge on DNA, RNA, and Recombinant DNA technology with this quiz covering topics such as DNA and RNA structure, monomers of proteins, starch, and sucrose, as well as the techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology.