DNA Replication: Polymerization
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the special initiator tRNA?

  • To transcribe DNA
  • To replicate DNA
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To recognize the initiating AUG (correct)

What is the initiating AUG recognized by?

  • An amino acid
  • A ribosome
  • A special initiator tRNA (correct)
  • A protein

What is the role of the initiation primer in DNA synthesis?

  • To provide a free OH group for the formation of phosphodiester bonds (correct)
  • To unwind the double helix structure
  • To proofread the newly synthesized strand
  • To hydrolyze the dNTPs into nucleotides

What type of molecules are eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA made from?

<p>Longer precursor molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each of the A P E sites extend?

<p>Remember (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the incoming nucleotide and the primer during DNA synthesis?

<p>Phosphodiester bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are longer precursor molecules necessary for making tRNA?

<p>They contain the necessary information for modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that is added to the growing DNA strand during synthesis?

<p>Deoxy ribonucleoside triphosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the initiating AUG?

<p>It initiates translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is necessary for making functional tRNA?

<p>Modification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which end of the primer does the addition of nucleotides occur during DNA synthesis?

<p>3'-end (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the initiating AUG and the special initiator tRNA?

<p>The special initiator tRNA recognizes the initiating AUG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is common between eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA?

<p>They are made from longer precursor molecules that must be modified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting product of the DNA synthesis reaction?

<p>Okazaki Fragments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of modifying precursor molecules for tRNA?

<p>To make them functional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of many antibacterial agents?

<p>They selectively disrupt protein synthesis in the invading bacterial cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>To act as an adaptor molecule between mRNA and amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hnRNAs?

<p>They contain different sets of introns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>It has no ability to bind amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the codon sequence in protein synthesis?

<p>It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are not tightly controlled?

<p>Housekeeping genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of inducible genes?

<p>To respond to specific stimuli or changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of housekeeping genes?

<p>They are not regulated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are involved in specific momentary functions?

<p>Inducible genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between housekeeping genes and inducible genes?

<p>Housekeeping genes are not regulated, while inducible genes are (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Initiator tRNA

A special type of tRNA that recognizes the initiating AUG codon, starting the process of translation.

Initiating AUG

The first codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence that signals the start of protein synthesis.

Initiation Primer

A short sequence of nucleotides that provides a free 3'-OH group for the attachment of the first nucleotide in DNA synthesis. It acts as a starting point for DNA polymerase.

tRNA Modification

The process of creating functional transfer RNA (tRNA) from longer precursor molecules. This involves modification and processing of the precursor tRNA.

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tRNA (Transfer RNA)

Specialized molecules involved in protein synthesis. They act as adaptors by binding to both mRNA codons and specific amino acids, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain.

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mRNA (Messenger RNA)

A type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place.

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Translation

The process of creating a protein from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template by ribosomes.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a start or stop signal during protein synthesis.

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A, P, E Sites

The sites on a ribosome where tRNA molecules bind during translation. The A site is where the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds, the P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain, and the E site is where the deacylated tRNA exits.

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Phosphodiester Bond

A type of bond formed between the phosphate group of an incoming nucleotide and the 3'-OH group of the preceding nucleotide during DNA synthesis. This linkage forms the backbone of the DNA molecule.

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Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA.

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Okazaki Fragment

A short fragment of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication. These fragments are later joined together to form a continuous strand.

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Precursor tRNA

A type of RNA that is a precursor to mature tRNA. It contains introns that need to be removed and undergoes modifications to become functional.

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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that plays a vital role in protein synthesis.

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Growing DNA Strand

A type of DNA that is being synthesized during DNA replication.

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Antibacterial Agents

Antibacterial agents that specifically target protein synthesis in bacteria. They often work by interfering with ribosome function or tRNA activity.

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Housekeeping Genes

Genes that are constantly expressed at a relatively constant level in all cells of an organism. They encode essential proteins required for basic cellular functions.

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Inducible Genes

Genes that are expressed in response to specific stimuli or environmental changes. They are often involved in regulating cell processes or adapting to new conditions.

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hnRNA (Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA)

A type of RNA that is produced in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and undergoes processing before it can be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. They contain both introns and exons.

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Splicing

The process of removing introns from pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.

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Gene

The DNA sequence that codes for a specific protein.

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Introns

A DNA sequence that is not translated into protein. They are often involved in regulating gene expression.

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Exons

A DNA sequence that is translated into protein.

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Study Notes

DNA Polymerization

  • Okazaki fragments are produced in the strand, forming hybrid fragments.
  • Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) are added to the 3'-end of the initiation primer, forming a phosphodiester bond with the incoming nucleotide.

RNA Synthesis

  • Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA are synthesized from longer precursor molecules that require modification.
  • tRNA acts as an adaptor, directing specific amino acids according to the codon sequence, as mRNA cannot bind amino acids.
  • Initiator tRNA recognizes the initiating AUG.

Gene Regulation

  • Housekeeping genes are not regulated, as they are essential for basic cellular functions.
  • Inducible genes are tightly controlled in most cells, only activated for specific momentary functions.

RNA Structure

  • hnRNAs are mRNAs containing different sets of introns.

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Learn about the process of DNA replication, specifically the formation of phosphodiester bonds with incoming nucleotides during polymerization.

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