DNA Replication: Polymerization

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the special initiator tRNA?

To transcribe DNA

To replicate DNA

To synthesize proteins

To recognize the initiating AUG (correct)

What is the initiating AUG recognized by?

An amino acid

A ribosome

A special initiator tRNA (correct)

A protein

What is the role of the initiation primer in DNA synthesis?

To provide a free OH group for the formation of phosphodiester bonds (correct)

To unwind the double helix structure

To proofread the newly synthesized strand

To hydrolyze the dNTPs into nucleotides

What type of molecules are eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA made from?

Longer precursor molecules Signup and view all the answers

What does each of the A P E sites extend?

Remember Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the incoming nucleotide and the primer during DNA synthesis?

Phosphodiester bond Signup and view all the answers

Why are longer precursor molecules necessary for making tRNA?

They contain the necessary information for modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that is added to the growing DNA strand during synthesis?

Deoxy ribonucleoside triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the initiating AUG?

It initiates translation Signup and view all the answers

What process is necessary for making functional tRNA?

Modification Signup and view all the answers

At which end of the primer does the addition of nucleotides occur during DNA synthesis?

3'-end Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the initiating AUG and the special initiator tRNA?

The special initiator tRNA recognizes the initiating AUG Signup and view all the answers

What is common between eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA?

They are made from longer precursor molecules that must be modified Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting product of the DNA synthesis reaction?

Okazaki Fragments Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of modifying precursor molecules for tRNA?

To make them functional Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of many antibacterial agents?

They selectively disrupt protein synthesis in the invading bacterial cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

To act as an adaptor molecule between mRNA and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hnRNAs?

They contain different sets of introns Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

It has no ability to bind amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the codon sequence in protein synthesis?

It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are not tightly controlled?

Housekeeping genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of inducible genes?

To respond to specific stimuli or changes Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of housekeeping genes?

They are not regulated Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are involved in specific momentary functions?

Inducible genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between housekeeping genes and inducible genes?

Housekeeping genes are not regulated, while inducible genes are Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Polymerization

Okazaki fragments are produced in the strand, forming hybrid fragments.
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) are added to the 3'-end of the initiation primer, forming a phosphodiester bond with the incoming nucleotide.

RNA Synthesis

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic tRNA are synthesized from longer precursor molecules that require modification.
tRNA acts as an adaptor, directing specific amino acids according to the codon sequence, as mRNA cannot bind amino acids.
Initiator tRNA recognizes the initiating AUG.

Gene Regulation

Housekeeping genes are not regulated, as they are essential for basic cellular functions.
Inducible genes are tightly controlled in most cells, only activated for specific momentary functions.