DNA Replication and Transcription Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of mutation involves a change in the amino acid due to replacing it with a chemically different amino acid?

  • Nonsense mutation
  • Frameshift mutation
  • Synonymous mutation
  • Missense mutation (correct)

    • What type of mutation is a result of adding a nucleotide to a coding region?

  • Synonymous mutation
  • Missense mutation
  • Nonsense mutation
  • Frameshift mutation (correct)

    • Which mutation leads to a premature termination of translation?

  • Missense mutation
  • Frameshift mutation
  • Nonsense mutation (correct)
  • Synonymous mutation

    • What characterizes a synonymous mutation?

    <p>It does not change the amino acid encoded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation occurs when a stop codon is mistakenly read as an amino acid?

    <p>Nonsense suppressor mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initiating codon for protein synthesis?

    <p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the fourth tRNA enters the ribosome, where will the codon currently in the A site move to?

    <p>P-site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The N-terminal amino acid will be connected to the tRNA located in which ribosomal site during protein elongation?

    <p>A-site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Shine-Dalgarno sequence primarily interacts with which component?

    <p>Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of events during protein production?

    <p>B A E C D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation could cause a mature mRNA to be 300 bases longer than normal?

    <p>Intron splicing site mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs first in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA serves as a template for RNA production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could cause a change from a UAA codon to a UUA codon?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using dideoxy sequencing reactions in DNA analysis?

    <p>To determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If dTTP is omitted from the sequencing reactions, which of the following nucleotides would NOT be represented in the final results?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be observed at the top of the gel after sequencing with all four dideoxynucleotides?

    <p>Bands representing the shortest DNA fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of ddATP, ddTTP, ddGTP, and ddCTP in the sequencing reactions?

    <p>They act as chain termination agents in the sequencing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using a primer in dideoxy sequencing?

    <p>It provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a primer in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To initiate polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of primers would correctly amplify the provided DNA sequence?

    <p>5'-AATCG-3' and 5'-ATTCT-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the severe phenotypic effects observed in aneuploidy, such as Down's syndrome?

    <p>An imbalance of gene dosage on an extra chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype is NOT possible when mating a chimeric mouse (A/A;D/d) with a black mouse (a/a;D/D)?

    <p>a/a;D/d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing mutations, what is a characteristic of a point mutation?

    <p>It changes a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When glucose is absent, what is the enzyme synthesis outcome for the genotype I+P+O+ Z+Y+/I-P-OCZ-Y- with lactose absent?

    <p>Neither LacZ nor LacY synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the synthesis of LacZ and LacY when lactose is present for the genotype I+P-OCZ+Y-/I-O+Z-Y+?

    <p>Both LacZ and LacY synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes an enhancer?

    <p>It is a cis-regulatory sequence that enhances gene expression from a distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about reverse transcriptase?

    <p>It generates cDNA from eukaryotic mRNA templates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the synthesis outcome for the genotype IS P+ O+ Z+ Y+ with lactose present?

    <p>Neither LacZ nor LacY is synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the genotype I+P-OC Z+Y-/I- O+Z-Y+ with lactose absent, what is the expected synthesis outcome?

    <p>Neither LacZ nor LacY is synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gene regulation, which option is NOT the function of an enhancer?

    <p>It determines the transcription initiation site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of reverse transcriptase?

    <p>It synthesizes complementary DNA from RNA templates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding DNA and RNA polymerases?

    <p>Both DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase need a primer with a free 3’ end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of primase in the context of transcription?

    <p>It initiates transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to connect the fragments produced during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strands is produced during lagging strand synthesis?

    <p>The strand containing Okazaki fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements correctly represents the role of telomerase?

    <p>It lengthens the lagging strand by extending telomeres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the polarity of the first 6 bases of mRNA transcribed from the provided gene sequence?

    <p>5'-GGUCAA-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these molecules is responsible for translating mRNA into amino acids?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided gene sequence, which organism is the sequence likely derived from?

    <p>Eukaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Replication and Transcription

    • DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase require a primer with a free 3' end for functionality
    • Both leading and lagging strands require primers in DNA replication
    • DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides to an existing DNA strand
    • Primase is required to initiate DNA transcription, not translation
    • Ligase joins DNA fragments, not codons in mRNA

    DNA Replication - Chromosome End

    • The sequence shown on the blackboard represents the polarity of a replicated chromosome end
    • Lagging strand synthesis produces one strand
    • Telomerase extends the lower strand

    Gene Sequence Analysis

    • The given sequence is likely from a eukaryote, due to the presence of a TATA box
    • mRNA transcribed from the fragment, with 5' to 3' polarity, would be GGUCAA
    • The first three amino acids, resulting from the mRNA translation, would be Met-Lys

    Ribosome Translation

    • The codon currently in the E site is AUG
    • After the fourth tRNA enters the ribosome, the codon in the A site will be in the P site
    • The N-terminal amino acid is connected to the tRNA in the A site via covalent bonds

    Shine-Delgarno Sequence

    • The Shine-Delgarno sequence interacts with the proteins of only prokaryotic small ribosomal subunits

    Protein Production

    • The correct order of protein production events is: DNA serving as a template for RNA production, RNA moving from nucleus to cytoplasm, Messenger RNA attaching to a ribosome, Transfer RNA bonding to a codon, Amino acids bonded together

    Gene Mutations

    • A 300 base pair insertion into an intron can cause a mature mRNA that is longer than the normal mature mRNA

    Lac Operon

    • The table shows the synthesis of lacZ, lacY, and lacI enzymes in response to the presence or absence of lactose in both cases where the gene is operon or not

    Enhancer

    • An enhancer is a cis-regulatory DNA sequence that acts at a distance to promote gene expression

    Reverse Transcriptase

    • Reverse transcriptase uses an RNA template to create DNA, requiring a primer for polymerization

    PCR Primers

    • A pair of 5 base primers for PCR amplification of the given sequence are 5'-AATCG-3' and 5'-ATTCT-3'

    Aneuploidy

    • Aneuploidy, such as trisomy, leads to severe phenotypic effects due to dosage effects arising from the imbalanced gene expression caused by the extra chromosome

    Dideoxy Sequencing Reaction

    • A gel electrophoresis diagram that shows sequences based on ddNTP incorporation in DNA synthesis.
    • A second diagram shows the gel electrophoresis if dTTP was not included, thereby highlighting where the sequence is missing dTTP in the reaction results

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the processes involved in DNA replication and transcription. This quiz covers essential concepts, including the roles of various enzymes, the importance of primers, and the characteristics of eukaryotic gene sequences. Challenge yourself on areas such as ribosome translation and telomerase function!

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