Test Your Knowledge on DNA Mismatch Repair and Replication Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

Which type of mutation results in a loss of function in a protein?

  • Silent mutation
  • Splice site mutation
  • Promoter mutation (correct)
  • Neutral mutation

    • What is a characteristic of a neutral mutation?

  • It changes the amino acid into another with similar characteristics (correct)
  • It has no biological consequences
  • It is a mutation in the third nucleotide base pair of a codon
  • It does not lead to a mutation in the amino acid sequence

    • Which type of mutation can block or activate transcription?

  • Silent mutation
  • Neutral mutation
  • Splice site mutation (correct)
  • Promoter mutation

    • Which of the following is a consequence of depurination?

    <p>A loss of the base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variation in the number of chromosomes?

    <p>Anaploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs when cytosine is changed into uracil?

    <p>Point mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a tandem duplication?

    <p>Segments are duplicated and placed directly next to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of information can be used to make phylogenetic trees?

    <p>DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aligning DNA sequences in phylogenetic analysis?

    <p>To quantify the similarity between sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the alignment of DNA or amino acid sequences that code for the same type of protein?

    <p>Homology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a scoring system in sequence alignment?

    <p>To quantify the similarity between sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs when a piece of DNA is picked out, turned around, and put back in?

    <p>Paracentric inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs when a piece of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome?

    <p>Interchromosomal translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs when a part of chromosome one goes to chromosome two, and a part of chromosome two goes back to chromosome one?

    <p>Reciprocal interchromosomal translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having a different number of chromosomes than what is needed?

    <p>Aneuploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added to the DNA sequence?

    <p>Frame shift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe mutations that occur in absence of compounds or physical radiation?

    <p>Spontaneous mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a frame shift mutation?

    <p>Loss of function of the original protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe mutations that add or delete nucleotides in multiples of three, resulting in the addition or deletion of one codon?

    <p>In-frame mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about word size in DNA sequence analysis?

    <p>The word size is always fixed at five nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aligning DNA sequences in genome comparison?

    <p>To identify regions of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the score in a sequence alignment is above a certain cutoff value?

    <p>Mismatches and gaps are allowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for global alignment of very similar proteins?

    <p>PAM 250 matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is particularly important for the shape and function of a protein?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for local alignments of more distantly related proteins?

    <p>BLOSUM matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system should be used for comparing less divergent species?

    <p>PAM matrix with a low number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the scoring system used in sequence alignment?

    <p>Penalizing matching residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are mismatches and gaps penalized in sequence alignment?

    <p>To avoid analyzing incorrect matches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gap penalties in sequence alignment?

    <p>To penalize gaps directly next to each other less strongly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Niedelman-Wunsch algorithm used for?

    <p>Aligning DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe genes that look very much alike, but may not have the same function and probably come from the same ancestor?

    <p>Homologs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe genes that are the same between species?

    <p>Orthologs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe genes that are very similar within one species?

    <p>Paralogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe genes that have the same function but may have some differences at the sequence or amino acid level?

    <p>Homologs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the process of cutting a DNA sequence into smaller words?

    <p>Nucleotide fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of increasing the word size in DNA sequence analysis?

    <p>To improve the accuracy of sequence alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scoring in sequence alignment?

    <p>To calculate the number of matches and mismatches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for global alignment of very similar proteins?

    <p>PAM matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for local alignments of more distantly related proteins?

    <p>Blossom matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system should be used for comparing less divergent species?

    <p>PAM matrix with a low number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a scoring system in sequence alignment?

    <p>To calculate the overall similarity score between sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for global alignment of very similar proteins?

    <p>Positive scoring system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gap penalties in sequence alignment?

    <p>To penalize gaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a frame shift mutation?

    <p>Change in protein sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aligning DNA sequences in phylogenetic analysis?

    <p>To infer evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe genes that have the same function but may have some differences at the sequence or amino acid level?

    <p>Paralogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the alignment of DNA or amino acid sequences that code for the same type of protein?

    <p>Sequence alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aligning DNA sequences in genome comparison?

    <p>To compare genetic similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used for global alignment of very similar proteins?

    <p>Needleman-Wunsch algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine the closest relationship between two species based on the number of mutations?

    <p>UPGMA method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average value obtained by comparing species 1 and 2 to the combination of species 3 and 4?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two species are closely related according to the UPGMA method?

    <p>Species 1 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for constructing phylogenetic trees with larger numbers of species?

    <p>The UPGMA method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a frame shift mutation?

    <p>The protein becomes non-functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bootstrapping in constructing phylogenetic trees?

    <p>To construct larger trees using subtrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mutations are required for the correct model in the given example?

    <p>Eight mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible trees can be made when comparing four species?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method to determine the correct model from the possible trees?

    <p>Parsimony method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bootstrapping in constructing phylogenetic trees?

    <p>To construct one larger tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for constructing phylogenetic trees with larger numbers of species?

    <p>UPGMA method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the UPGMA method, which two species are considered to be closely related?

    <p>Species number three and species number four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average difference between species one and the combination of species three and four?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method uses all possible trees to construct phylogenetic trees?

    <p>The parsimony method</p> Signup and view all the answers

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