DNA Mutations Flashcards

Which statement is scientifically based? (Select all that apply)

Which best describes genetic mutations? (Select all that apply)

Which type of mutation occurs only in reproductive cells?

The DNA sequence reads ACGTTCATT before a mutation occurs. After the mutation, the DNA sequence reads ATCGTTCATT. Which type of mutation occurred?

Which type of mutation always produces a stop codon?

Which type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?

Which sentence best shows a frameshift mutation using the following sentence: THE CAT SAW THE RAT?

Which type of mutation is responsible for causing Tay-Sachs disease?

Based on scientific research, which statement best describes mutations?

General Concepts of DNA Mutations

Mutations can occur in DNA but are generally rare occurrences.
Not all mutations are harmful; some can be beneficial for offspring.
Mutations can be inherited or acquired and may vary in their impact.

Types of Mutations

Germline Mutation: Only occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed from parent to offspring.
Somatic Mutation: Occurs in non-reproductive cells and cannot be inherited.
Point Mutation: A change affecting a single base pair; may lead to substitutions of one amino acid for another.

Specific Types of Mutations

Insertion: Involves adding nucleotides into a DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame, such as in the transition from ACGTTCATT to ATCGTTCATT.
Deletion: Results in the loss of nucleotides, exemplified in Tay-Sachs disease due to a missing codon affecting enzyme production.
Missense Mutation: Changes one amino acid in a protein; responsible for conditions like sickle cell anemia where glutamic acid is replaced by valine.
Nonsense Mutation: Always produces a stop codon, prematurely ending protein synthesis.

Example Applications

Frameshift Mutation: Alters the reading frame of the genetic code, illustrated by changing the phrase "THE CAT SAW THE RAT" to "THC ATS AWT HER AT."

Impact of Mutations

Some mutations can lead to serious health conditions, such as sickle cell anemia or Tay-Sachs disease.
Mutagens are external agents that can induce mutations in DNA, contributing to genetic variability and potential diseases.

Test your knowledge on DNA mutations with these flashcards. Explore the different aspects of genetic mutations, their implications, and the various misconceptions surrounding them. A great way to enhance your understanding of genetics and mutation principles.