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Questions and Answers
What is the primary enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?
During DNA synthesis, in which direction are new nucleotides added to the growing strand?
During DNA synthesis, in which direction are new nucleotides added to the growing strand?
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
What is the structure formed during DNA replication that includes the Y-shaped region where DNA is unwound?
What is the structure formed during DNA replication that includes the Y-shaped region where DNA is unwound?
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What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
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What describes a heterozygous trait?
What describes a heterozygous trait?
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Which statement best illustrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
Which statement best illustrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
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Which type of inheritance occurs when both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype?
Which type of inheritance occurs when both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype?
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What happens during nondisjunction?
What happens during nondisjunction?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix during replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix during replication?
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What does the SRY gene determine?
What does the SRY gene determine?
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Which of the following best explains epistasis?
Which of the following best explains epistasis?
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Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
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Study Notes
DNA & Gene Structure
- Homozygous trait: Both alleles are the same (AA or aa).
- Heterozygous trait: Two different alleles (Aa).
- Mendel's Law of Segregation: Each individual has two alleles for a gene; alleles segregate during gamete formation, each gamete carries one allele.
- Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits assort independently.
- Complete dominance: One allele completely masks the other.
- Codominance: Both alleles contribute equally and visibly.
- Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype.
- Example: Brown eyes (B) vs. blue eyes (b)--complete dominance; AB blood type—codominance; pink flowers (RW) from red (RR) and white (WW) flowers—incomplete dominance.
- Allele: A variant form of a gene.
- Dominant allele: Masks recessive allele in heterozygote.
- Polygenic inheritance: Traits controlled by multiple genes (e.g., skin color).
- Epistasis: One gene affects the expression of another (e.g., coat color in Labradors).
- Gene: Sequence of DNA coding for a protein or RNA molecule.
- Locus: Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
- Linked genes: Genes close together on same chromosome; inherited together.
- Nondisjunction: Chromosome failure to separate during cell division.
- Aneuploidy: Abnormal chromosome number.
- Sex-linked traits: Traits associated with genes on sex chromosomes (e.g., SRY gene).
- Nucleotides of DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
- Complementary base pairing: A with T (or U in RNA); C with G.
- DNA replication: Semiconservative process.
- Helicase: Unwinds DNA double helix.
- Topoisomerase: Relieves tension caused by unwinding.
- Single-strand binding proteins: Prevent re-annealing of DNA strands.
- RNA primer: Provides starting point for DNA polymerase.
- DNA polymerase: Adds nucleotides to growing strand (5' to 3').
- Lagging strand: Synthesized discontinuously (in Okazaki fragments).
- Leading strand: Synthesized continuously.
DNA Replication & Structure
- DNA organization: Replication bubble with two replication forks.
- DNA strand synthesis direction: 5' to 3'.
- Okazaki fragments: Short DNA segments on the lagging strand.
- DNA ligase: Connects Okazaki fragments.
- Replication fork: Y-shaped region of DNA where replication occurs.
- Origin of replication: Specific site where replication begins.
- Mutation: A change in DNA sequence.
- Telomeres: Protective structures at the ends of chromosomes.
- Transcription: Making an RNA copy of a gene (occurs in nucleus).
- Translation: Synthesizing a protein from mRNA (occurs in cytoplasm).
- RNA polymerase: Enzyme that carries out transcription.
- RNA vs. DNA: RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
- Codons: Three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for amino acids.
- Anticodons: Complementary sequences in tRNA that pair with codons.
- Exons: Coding regions of genes; introns: non-coding regions.
- mRNA: Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome.
- tRNA: Brings amino acids to ribosome.
- rRNA: Makes up ribosomes.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Three ribosome binding sites: A, P, and E site.
- Types of mutations: Point mutations (substitution), insertions, deletions (frameshift).
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Description
Test your knowledge on DNA and gene structure concepts, including Mendel's laws, types of dominance, and inheritance patterns. This quiz covers essential terminology such as homozygous and heterozygous traits, as well as examples illustrating these genetic principles.
