Questions and Answers
What are the three parts of the nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base
What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?
deoxyribose
Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
base
Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1.
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Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA.
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What parts of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the ladder?
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What part of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the ladder?
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Are the rungs of the ladder parallel or antiparallel?
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On the ladder model, label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C, G.
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When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is attached?
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How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases when one nucleotide contains adenine?
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When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
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How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases when one nucleotide contains cytosine?
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What is the rule for how the bases are arranged in the ladder model of DNA?
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Fill in the complementary bases on the strand below according to the base-pair rule: A T C C A G
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Describe the shape of the double helix.
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Number the steps to describe the replication of DNA in a cell.
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What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
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What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?
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What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?
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What is semi-conservative replication?
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What are mistakes in DNA replication called?
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Using the base pair rules, complete the table to show the percentage of each type of base in the 5 different organisms.
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Study Notes
Nucleotide Structure
- Nucleotides consist of three parts: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base.
- The sugar found in nucleotides is deoxyribose.
- The nitrogen-containing base is responsible for incorporating nitrogen into the nucleotide.
Nitrogen Bases
- Four nitrogen bases in DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
- The bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder, creating base pairs: A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
DNA Ladder Model
- A complete nucleotide includes a base, sugar, and phosphate group.
- The sugar and phosphate form the backbone of the DNA ladder.
- DNA strands are anti-parallel, meaning the ends of the strands are opposite in orientation.
Base Pairing and Bonds
- Adenine is paired with Thymine, while Cytosine pairs with Guanine in complementary base pairing.
- Hydrogen bonds connect base pairs: two bonds between A and T, and three bonds between C and G.
DNA Replication Process
- Steps of DNA replication involve:
- Breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.
- Separating DNA strands.
- Attracting free nucleotides to exposed bases.
- Forming new hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.
- DNA helicase is an enzyme that separates DNA strands during replication.
Semiconservative Replication
- DNA replication is semiconservative; one old strand pairs with one new strand, resulting in one old and one new DNA molecule.
- Mutations can occur during replication, but the semiconservative method helps reduce errors.
Base Composition in Organisms
- Percentage of bases in various organisms:
- Humans: 16% G, 31% T
- Cows: 22% C, 28% T
- Salmon: 29% A, 21% G
- Wheat: 23% G, 23% C, 27% T
- Yeast: 19% C, 31% C
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. It includes details about the components of nucleotides, including sugars and nitrogen bases. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of DNA structure.