Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

  • DNA and RNA (correct)
  • DNA and protein
  • RNA and lipid
  • RNA and protein

    • What is the sugar molecule found in DNA?

  • Deoxyribose (correct)
  • Fructose
  • Glucose
  • Ribose

    • Where is DNA mainly found in a cell?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus (correct)

    • What is the function of hydrogen bonds in DNA?

    <p>To hold the two strands of DNA together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of pyrimidine bases?

    <p>DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the two strands in a DNA molecule?

    <p>The 5' end of one strand is opposite the 3' end of the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

    <p>A double helix with two polynucleotide strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of chromosomes found in human somatic cells?

    <p>23 pairs (46 individual) of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histone proteins in DNA folding?

    <p>To coil DNA into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of base pairs in nuclear DNA?

    <p>3 × 10^9 base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having multiple copies of DNA in a mitochondrion?

    <p>Polyploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the genome that codes for genes?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>Circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are found in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>37 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of a nucleotide?

    <p>A sugar molecule and a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is RNA primarily found in a cell?

    <p>In the cytoplasm and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the sugar molecules in DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA held together?

    <p>By hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the packaged form of DNA in the nucleus?

    <p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the components of a nucleotide?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>Location within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chromosomes in human germline cells?

    <p>They have 23 individual chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of other proteins involved in DNA folding?

    <p>To assist histone proteins in DNA folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the genome is comprised of non-coding regions?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of nuclear DNA in human somatic cells?

    <p>It is diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA coiling and folding?

    <p>To form the structure of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of base pairs found in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>16,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule?

    <p>To hold the two strands together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?

    <p>Contains the base thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the two strands in a DNA molecule?

    <p>Opposite orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sugar molecule in a nucleotide?

    <p>To provide structural support to the nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA mainly packaged in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histone proteins in the process of DNA folding?

    <p>To provide a framework for DNA coiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of nuclear DNA in terms of its ploidy?

    <p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of genes found in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>37</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>Circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human somatic cells?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the regulation of gene expression in different cell types?

    <p>The type of transcription factors present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcription factors?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for proteins that initiate or regulate transcription?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stages can gene expression be regulated?

    <p>Transcription, translation, and protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Gene A in the given scenario?

    <p>To regulate gene expression in nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Gene D in the given scenario?

    <p>To regulate gene expression in different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chromatin structure in gene expression?

    <p>To regulate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of interspersed repeats in the genome?

    <p>They are scattered in the genome with varying lengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for DNA elements that consist of a repeat unit that runs in tandem and cluster together in the genome?

    <p>Tandem repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microsatellites in forensic science?

    <p>For paternity and forensic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for genes that are expressed in all cells and are necessary for cellular processes such as transcription and metabolism?

    <p>Housekeeping genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for genes that are expressed only in specific cell types, such as hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Cell-type-specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gene expression in different cells?

    <p>Different genes are expressed at different levels in different cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the genetic material in all cells of the body?

    <p>The same genetic material is found in all cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the DNA Binding Domain (DBD) in a transcription factor?

    <p>To recognize specific DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a silencer in regulating gene expression?

    <p>To inhibit transcription by binding to a specific DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of a promoter in relation to a gene?

    <p>Upstream of the gene, near the TSS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an enhancer in regulating gene expression?

    <p>To enhance transcription by binding to a specific DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a promoter in regulating gene expression?

    <p>To determine the site of transcription initiation of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an enhancer and a silencer?

    <p>Their function in regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a transcription factor in regulating gene expression?

    <p>To recognize specific DNA sequences and promote or inhibit transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a transcription factor binds to an enhancer?

    <p>It recruits proteins necessary for transcription initiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a mutation in the WT1 gene?

    <p>Kidney tumors develop in young children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a breakpoint 125kb downstream of the PAX6 gene?

    <p>A deletion of regulatory elements essential for PAX6 expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is chromatin structure important for gene expression?

    <p>It prevents accessibility to DNA, making gene expression impossible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a repressor transcription factor?

    <p>It prevents the recruitment of proteins necessary for transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a defect in a repressor?

    <p>Abnormal conditions, such as Wilms' tumor, can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an enhancer?

    <p>It recruits proteins necessary for transcription initiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a silencer?

    <p>It prevents the recruitment of proteins necessary for transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a mutation in the PAX6 gene?

    <p>Aniridia occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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