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What are the three main subsystems of a computer?

  • Processing Unit, Memory, Storage Devices
  • Input, Output, Control
  • CPU, Storage, Networking
  • CPU, Main Memory, I/O Subsystems (correct)

    • What is the primary role of the Control Unit (CU) in the CPU?

  • Managing data storage
  • Performing arithmetic operations
  • Controlling operations of subsystems (correct)
  • Providing long-term data storage

    • Which phase is NOT part of the fetch-decode-execute cycle?

  • Fetching the instruction
  • Storing the instruction (correct)
  • Decoding the instruction
  • Executing the instruction

    • What types of operations does the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) perform?

    <p>Arithmetic, logical, and shift operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the input/output (I/O) subsystem?

    <p>It facilitates communication between the computer and external devices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RAM in a computer?

    <p>Hold data while power is on (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about registers in the CPU is false?

    <p>Registers can only store data long-term. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can computer throughput be improved?

    <p>Through pipelining and parallel processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes SRAM from DRAM?

    <p>Data is retained without refresh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of different architectures in computer design?

    <p>Performance optimization and functional capability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is erased and reprogrammed electrically?

    <p>EEPROM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cache memory primarily used for?

    <p>Speeding up data access for the CPU (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the input/output subsystem play in a computer?

    <p>Facilitates communication with external devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RAM is known for being slow but inexpensive?

    <p>DRAM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of non-storage devices in the I/O subsystem?

    <p>They facilitate direct communication with the CPU. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type is primarily used for the CPU cache due to its speed?

    <p>SRAM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of storage devices in relation to data retention?

    <p>They can store large amounts of data and are nonvolatile. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the performance of a magnetic disk?

    <p>Data storage capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is data accessed in a magnetic tape?

    <p>Accessed in a sequential manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about magnetic disks is true?

    <p>Data can be accessed randomly using a read/write head. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using magnetic tape for data storage?

    <p>It is capable of backing up large amounts of data at a lower cost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a magnetic disk is responsible for moving to the desired track?

    <p>Seek time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, which of the following statements is accurate?

    <p>Magnetic disks generally offer faster data access than tapes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'auxiliary storage' refer to?

    <p>Storage devices that supplement primary memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the LOAD operation in machine code?

    <p>Load a value into the Accumulator from an operand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following instructions will stop the execution of the program?

    <p>HALT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a machine cycle, which phase follows the FETCH phase?

    <p>Decode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What value is added to the Accumulator during the instruction 'ADD #5'?

    <p>5 as an immediate value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the STORE instruction do?

    <p>Stores the value of the Accumulator at a specified memory location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the instruction EQUAL #20 is executed, what happens if the Accumulator value equals 20?

    <p>The following instruction is skipped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the program counter affected by the JUMP instruction?

    <p>It is set to a new value specified by the operand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen during the execution of the instruction STORE 13?

    <p>The value in the Accumulator is stored at memory location 13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the fetch phase of the instruction cycle?

    <p>The instruction is loaded into the Instruction Register (IR). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Program Counter (PC) play in the instruction cycle?

    <p>It points to the next instruction to be fetched. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main task of the execute phase in the instruction cycle?

    <p>Performing the operation specified by the instruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens once the control unit completes the third phase of the instruction cycle?

    <p>The fetch process begins again with the next instruction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cycles does a small program with five instructions require?

    <p>One cycle for each instruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When adding two integers A and B, where should the result be stored if the data is located at memory locations (40) and (41)?

    <p>In memory location (42). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following numbers represents the hexadecimal value of the number 161 in memory?

    <p>(00A1) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the decode phase of the instruction cycle?

    <p>Operands needed for the instruction are fetched. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of controller allows for the connection of up to 63 devices in a daisy chain?

    <p>FireWire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of USB controllers?

    <p>Referred to as a root hub (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which I/O controller type requires a terminator?

    <p>SCSI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which I/O controller supports both high and low-speed devices?

    <p>USB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum data transfer rate of FireWire in its latest version?

    <p>50 MB/sec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using memory-mapped I/O, how does the CPU interact with devices?

    <p>Uses the same addressing as main memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation when using SCSI controllers?

    <p>Limits to few devices connected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topology does USB-2 utilize for device connections?

    <p>Tree-like topology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Computer Organization

    • Objectives:
      • List the three subsystems of a computer
      • Describe the role of the central processing unit (CPU)
      • Describe the fetch-decode-execute phases of a cycle
      • Describe the main memory and its addressing space
      • Define the input/output subsystem
      • Understand the interconnection of subsystems
      • Describe different methods of input/output addressing
      • Distinguish the two major trends in the design of computers
      • Understand how computer throughput can be improved using pipelining and parallel processing

    Chapter Outline

    • Computer Subsystems
      • CPU
      • Memory
      • I/O subsystems
    • Subsystems Interconnections
      • Connecting CPU and memory
      • Connecting I/O devices
    • Program Execution
    • Different Architectures
      • CISC
        • Pipelining
      • RISC
        • Parallel processing

    Computer Subsystems

    • Three broad categories:

      • CPU (Central Processing Unit)
      • Main Memory
      • I/O (Input/Output) subsystems

    • CPU (Central Processing Unit):

      • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs logic, shift, and arithmetic operations on data
      • CU (Control Unit): Controls subsystem operation via signals sent to other subsystems
      • Set of Registers: Fast, stand-alone storage for temporary data holding

    • Set of Registers:

      • Data Registers: Hold intermediate results of operations
      • Instruction Registers (IR): Used to store instructions of a program by the control unit
      • Program Counter (PC): Tracks the currently executing instruction; incremented to point to the next instruction after execution

    • Main Memory:

      • Collection of storage locations, each with a unique identifier (address)
      • Data transfer in groups of bits called words (8, 16, 32, 64 bits or more)
      • 8 bits = 1 byte; multiples are used (e.g., 16 bits = 2 bytes)

    • Address Space:

      • Number of uniquely identifiable memory locations
      • Example: 64 kilobytes, 1 byte word size = address space from 0 to 65,535

    • Main Memory Hierarchy:

      • The memory hierarchy includes registers (fastest), cache memory, main memory (slower but inexpensive), and auxiliary memory (slowest but least expensive).

    • Main Memory Types:

      • RAM (Random Access Memory): Holds data as long as power is on
        • SRAM (Static RAM): Fast, but expensive. Used in cache memory
        • DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower but inexpensive. Used in main memory
      • ROM (Read Only Memory): Data is pre-programmed and not lost when power is off
        • PROM (Programmable ROM)
        • EPROM (Erasable PROM)
        • EEPROM (Electrically erasable PROM)

    • Input/Output Subsystem:

      • Collection of devices allowing computer communication with the outside world
      • Two broad categories:
        • Non-storage (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer): Provide input and output information
        • Storage (e.g., hard disk, CD): Store programs and data, even when the power is off.

    Subsystems Interconnections

    • CPU and Memory Connections:

      • Data bus: Several connections carrying 1 bit at a time; number depends on computer word size
      • Address bus: Allows access to a specific memory location; number depends on memory address space
      • Control bus: Carries communication between the CPU & memory (e.g., read/write operations)

    • Connecting I/O devices:

      • I/O devices cannot be connected directly to the buses.
      • I/O devices use controllers/interfaces for connection and speed synchronization.
      • Common I/O controller types:
        • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
        • FireWire
        • USB (Universal Serial Bus)

    Addressing Input/Output Devices

    • Isolated I/O: Different instructions for memory and I/O device addressing. The addresses can overlap without ambiguity
    • Memory-Mapped I/O: The CPU treats I/O registers as memory locations, using the same instructions.

    Program Execution

    • Machine Cycle: CPU uses repeating cycles to execute instructions
      • Fetch: Retrieve instruction from memory
      • Decode: Convert instruction into commands
      • Execute: Carry out the commands
      • Store: Put results back in memory

    Input/Output Operation

    • Synchronization Methods:
      • Programmed I/O: CPU continuously checks the I/O device status for data transfer
      • Interrupt-driven I/O: I/O device interrupts the CPU when ready for data transfer
      • Direct Memory Access (DMA): DMA controller transfers data block directly between I/O device and memory, without CPU involvement

    Different Architectures

    • CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

      • Large instruction set (complex & simple instructions)
      • Easier programming (single instructions for complex tasks)

    • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):

      • Fewer instructions (simple operations only)
      • More complicated programming (complex instructions are simulated)

    Pipelining and Parallel Processing

    • Pipelining: Overlapping instruction phases to increase the number of instructions processed per unit of time

    • Parallel Processing: Utilizing multiple control units, ALUs, and memory units within a single computer for faster throughput

    • Categories of parallel processing, based on instruction and data streams:

    • SISD (Single Instruction, Single Data): One instruction stream processed on one data stream by one functional unit

    • SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data): One instruction stream processed on multiple data streams by multiple functional units

    • MISD (Multiple Instruction, Single Data): Multiple instructions processed on a single data stream by multiple functional units

    • MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data): Multiple instructions processed on multiple data streams by multiple functional units

    A simple computer

    • Components: CPU, memory, and an input/output subsystem
    • Instruction set: Opcode and operand for each instruction
    • Instruction format: Example instruction types (LOAD, STORE, ADD, SUB, EQUAL, JUMP, HALT)
    • Processing the instructions: Fetch, decode, and execute cycles for each instruction

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