Diuretics and Nephron Anatomy.NinjaN

<p>Decreasing blood volume and preload by inhibiting sodium reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking aldosterone receptors in the distal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gynecomastia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bumetanide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Start with the most potent diuretic and adjust based on response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhaled diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit sodium and water reabsorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit bicarbonate reabsorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascending limb of the loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act mainly on the distal convoluted tubule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease urinary calcium excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block aldosterone receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead to hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Furosemide is least potent and requires the highest dose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose above which there is no further increase in effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium-sparing diuretic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute mountain sickness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood sodium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a threshold dose for effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase fluid loss from the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spironolactone, a type of aldosterone blocker, is the first-line treatment for fluid buildup in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Loop diuretics are added to aldosterone blockers to further increase sodium and water removal in severe cases of fluid buildup related to cirrhosis.

Paracentesis involves draining excess fluid from the abdomen, often used in conjunction with diuretics for patients with ascites (fluid buildup in the belly).

Albumin supplementation can help pull fluid from the bloodstream into the blood vessels, reducing edema. It is often used in conjunction with diuretics in patients with low albumin levels.

Low potassium levels, known as hypokalemia, is a potential side effect of some diuretics.

Medications that increase the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water in the urine.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The first part of the nephron where most of the sodium and water reabsorption happens.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is mainly involved in water reabsorption, helping to concentrate urine.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle plays a crucial role in both sodium and water reabsorption, with approximately 25% of sodium being reabsorbed here.

Diuretics that act on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the most potent diuretics.

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption.

Hormone that primarily facilitates water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron.

Inhibit the sodium-chloride co-transporter in the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT), reducing sodium and chloride reabsorption, which leads to increased excretion in urine. Indirectly increase calcium reabsorption by reducing intracellular sodium concentration, leading to a sodium-calcium exchange mechanism.

Act by inhibiting the sodium reabsorption mechanism in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT). They are further divided into aldosterone antagonists and ENaC blockers.

Block the action of aldosterone by blocking the aldosterone receptor, inhibiting the synthesis of sodium channels, sodium-potassium pumps, and potassium channels.

Directly prevent sodium entry into the principal cells in the late DCT by blocking the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).

Increase the osmolarity of the blood, pulling water from extravascular spaces, leading to significant diuresis, primarily due to water loss, known as aquaresis.

The minimal dose required to elicit a diuretic effect.

The maximum dose that produces the maximal diuretic response, beyond which further increases in dose do not result in a greater response.

The removal of excess fluid from the body.

A diuretic used to treat altitude sickness, metabolic alkalosis, glaucoma, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Can cause significant hypovolemia due to excessive water loss, leading to hypotension. They can also cause hypernatremia if the kidneys are functioning properly.

Can lead to metabolic acidosis, which can trigger respiratory alkalosis as a compensatory mechanism. They can affect intraocular and intracranial pressure by influencing aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid production.

Can lead to hypokalemia due to increased potassium excretion. They can also cause ototoxicity (toxicity to the ears) at high doses, manifesting as tinnitus or hearing loss.

Can cause hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. They can also increase blood calcium levels.

Can cause hyperkalemia. Generally, they have fewer side effects than other types of diuretics.

Loop diuretics are the most effective diuretics, acting on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

They inhibit the sodium potassium chloride co-transporter (NKCC), leading to the loss of sodium, chloride, and water in the urine.

Bumetanide and torsomide have nearly 100% bioavailability, meaning their oral doses are similar to intravenous doses.

Furosemide has a lower bioavailability at about 50%, meaning oral doses need to be doubled to equal intravenous effects.

Loop diuretics are effective in treating hyperkalemia by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, leading to more sodium reaching the distal convoluted tubule and increased potassium loss in the urine.

Loop diuretics can cause more water loss than sodium loss, potentially leading to high sodium levels (hypernatremia).

Thiazide diuretics block the sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC) in the early distal convoluted tubule, leading to sodium, chloride, and water loss in the urine.

Thiazides do not cause calcium excretion; they actually increase calcium reabsorption, potentially leading to high calcium levels (hypercalcemia).

Thiazide diuretics can also cause vasodilation, lowering the systemic vascular resistance and reducing blood pressure.

Potassium-sparing Diuretics block the action of aldosterone, preventing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

ENaC blockers directly block the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), indirectly leading to less potassium moving into the cell.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, like acetazolamide, block carbonic anhydrase, inhibiting bicarbonate reabsorption and causing its excretion in the urine.

Loop diuretics are the first-line treatment for significant fluid overload as they are the most potent.

If the response to Loop diuretics is insufficient, a Thiazide diuretic can be added to further enhance diuresis and combat possible high sodium levels (hypernatremia).

Loop diuretics and Thiazide diuretics can cause low potassium levels (hypokalemia) and metabolic alkalosis, which can impair their efficacy.