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Questions and Answers
How many stages are there in the physiological method proposed by Seguin?
How many stages are there in the physiological method proposed by Seguin?
What does the 'fixation' stage consist of in Seguin's method?
What does the 'fixation' stage consist of in Seguin's method?
What does Seguin define as idiocy?
What does Seguin define as idiocy?
In 1913, G.F. Montesano established what institution?
In 1913, G.F. Montesano established what institution?
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Who among the following was NOT a co-founder of the National League for the Protection of Deficient Children?
Who among the following was NOT a co-founder of the National League for the Protection of Deficient Children?
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According to Itard, Victor is considered a:
According to Itard, Victor is considered a:
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The first school for the blind in Italy was founded in which city?
The first school for the blind in Italy was founded in which city?
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What characteristic of the specialist teacher is noted by De Sanctis?
What characteristic of the specialist teacher is noted by De Sanctis?
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Which approach classifies disability based on residual capacities?
Which approach classifies disability based on residual capacities?
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What is Itard's treatment action defined as?
What is Itard's treatment action defined as?
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Who is credited with the phrase 'release of the mad' from chains?
Who is credited with the phrase 'release of the mad' from chains?
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Which author proposed the creation of specialized institutes in France in 1818?
Which author proposed the creation of specialized institutes in France in 1818?
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What is the main task of education according to Seguin?
What is the main task of education according to Seguin?
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According to Seguin, who is classified as an 'idiot'?
According to Seguin, who is classified as an 'idiot'?
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What is the primary teaching tool for learning as per Seguin?
What is the primary teaching tool for learning as per Seguin?
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In Seguin's method, what does the 'recognition' stage involve?
In Seguin's method, what does the 'recognition' stage involve?
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What does the 'Biographic Card' proposed by Sante De Sanctis represent?
What does the 'Biographic Card' proposed by Sante De Sanctis represent?
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Who provided the first profile of a specialized teacher?
Who provided the first profile of a specialized teacher?
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When was the first institute for the education of deaf-mutes founded?
When was the first institute for the education of deaf-mutes founded?
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What process is required for inclusion?
What process is required for inclusion?
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In Disability Studies, how is disability defined?
In Disability Studies, how is disability defined?
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According to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, how is disability classified?
According to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, how is disability classified?
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What does the Luxembourg Card of 1996 propose regarding education?
What does the Luxembourg Card of 1996 propose regarding education?
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Which of the following objectives is NOT part of the culture of inclusion?
Which of the following objectives is NOT part of the culture of inclusion?
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What division arises from the concept of the sick and people with disabilities in Jewish culture?
What division arises from the concept of the sick and people with disabilities in Jewish culture?
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Who spoke of using a 'plural gaze' to identify the traces of people with disabilities?
Who spoke of using a 'plural gaze' to identify the traces of people with disabilities?
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Madame Guerin can be defined as which of the following?
Madame Guerin can be defined as which of the following?
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Itard is considered the forerunner of which teaching approach?
Itard is considered the forerunner of which teaching approach?
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To whom can the statement about the first therapeutic-assistance educational experience be attributed?
To whom can the statement about the first therapeutic-assistance educational experience be attributed?
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What is identified as the main element of humanization and effective means of development and social change?
What is identified as the main element of humanization and effective means of development and social change?
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For which significant initiative is Pedro Ponce de Leon remembered?
For which significant initiative is Pedro Ponce de Leon remembered?
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What does De Sanctis' innovative contribution primarily focus on?
What does De Sanctis' innovative contribution primarily focus on?
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How many objectives did Itard initially set for the educational intervention?
How many objectives did Itard initially set for the educational intervention?
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Which figure is most commonly associated with the official birth of Special Education?
Which figure is most commonly associated with the official birth of Special Education?
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Who defined Special Education as a discipline aimed at reducing disability?
Who defined Special Education as a discipline aimed at reducing disability?
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In which declaration was the principle of 'Education for All' enunciated?
In which declaration was the principle of 'Education for All' enunciated?
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Which law abolished differential classes?
Which law abolished differential classes?
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What international classification does the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities refer to?
What international classification does the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities refer to?
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Which objective does the Physiological Method of Seguin propose?
Which objective does the Physiological Method of Seguin propose?
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Who coined the concept of 'special normality'?
Who coined the concept of 'special normality'?
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Study Notes
Distributive Justice
- A theoretical approach to distributive justice considers how goods, personal characteristics, and the environment influence standards of living and individual well-being.
Competence
- A theoretical approach equates competence with the concept of capacity.
Disability Classification
- An approach classifies disability based on residual capacities, suggesting a focus on what individuals can do rather than what they cannot.
De L’Épée and Heinicke’s Methods for Deaf Education
- De L’Épée's method for teaching deaf individuals was primarily mime-gestural.
- Heinicke's method involved an oral approach.
Itard's Approach to Victor's Treatment
- Itard’s approach to Victor, a feral child, was primarily pedagogical, aiming to educate and develop his abilities rather than solely focusing on medical treatment.
Pinel’s Contributions to Mental Health
- Pinel advocated for the "release of the mad" from chains, criticizing the inhumane treatment of individuals with mental illnesses.
- In 1818, Pinel proposed the creation of specialized institutes within France’s judicial divisions to address mental health needs.
Esquirol’s Definition of Idiocy
- According to Esquirol, "Idiocy is not a disease; it is a state in which the faculties of the intellect have never manifested themselves or have not been able to develop sufficiently..."
Seguin’s Contributions to Special Education
- Seguin was a founding member and president of the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for the Insane in 1876.
- Seguin believed that education should sharpen the senses and restore missing functions.
- He viewed “idiocy" as a lack of intelligence, not an ailment, and considered it treatable through education.
- Seguin was a leading figure in the field of special education, defining idiocy as an absence of intellectual ability rather than a disease.
- Seguin founded the Teacher Training School for Orthophrenics in 1900 to train educators for individuals with disabilities.
- In 1898, Maria Montessori attended the first National Pedagogical Conference in Naples, Italy.
Montessori's Contributions to Special Education
- Montessori emphasized the importance of individualized education and the development of self-reliance.
- Montessori is known for her educational approach which centers on creating a learning environment that allows children to learn through exploration and discovery.
The Role of Education for Individuals with Disabilities
- For Seguin, the task of education was to improve the senses and restore missing functions. It was not about learning concepts as much as it was about restoring the individual's ability to function.
- Seguin argued that the individual who is unable to communicate verbally can still learn through other means, particularly through sensory exercises and practical activities.
- Seguin believed that the game was an effective teaching tool.
The Stages of Seguin's Physiological Method
- Seguin's method involves five stages: Recognition, Elicitation, Fixation, Association, and Verbalization.
- The Recognition stage focuses on identifying the correct answer from various options.
- The Elicitation stage aims to elicit the object of interest even if it is absent.
- The Fixation stage involves repeatedly varying the stimulus until it is assimilated and retained through comparison with previous experiences.
Seguin's Definition of Idiocy:
- Seguin defined idiocy as a state where the intellect has never manifested itself or failed to develop sufficiently. He considered it an absence of intelligence rather than a disease.
The “Specific learning disabilities” Provision
- The concept of Specific Learning Disabilities was introduced in Law 118/1971.
The Declaration of Rights of Persons with Mental Retardation
- The Declaration of Rights of Persons with Mental Retardation was promulgated in 1971.
The 'Biographic Card'
- Sante De Sanctis' proposal, referred to as the 'Biographic Card', can be interpreted as an early form of functional diagnosis or a precursor to the individualized educational plan now used in schools.
The First Institute for Deaf-Mutes
- The first institute for the education of deaf-mutes was established in Paris in 1771.
Inclusion, Disability Studies & The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Inclusion is a process that requires interaction between individuals and groups.
- It is a process of shared responsibility, not a process of medicalizing individuals with disabilities.
- Disability Studies view disability as a social construct, arguing that it is the environment that disables, not the individual.
- Unlike the medical model, which focuses on the individual's impairment, Disability Studies emphasizes the societal and environmental factors that create barriers for individuals with disabilities.
- The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) recognizes disability as an ordinary possibility of the human condition, emphasizing inclusion and equal rights.
The Luxembourg Card
- The Luxembourg Card of 1996 encourages schools to foster international and inter-community mobility for inclusive projects.
The Culture of Inclusion
- Creating a hyperspecialistic culture within Special Education is not a goal of inclusion.
- Inclusion aims to create a system where there are common elements in the basic training of professionals working with individuals with disabilities.
- Inclusion promotes universal design and full accessibility to ensure equal opportunities for all individuals.
The Founding of the First Chair of Special Education in Italy
- The first Chair of Special Education in Italy was founded in 1964 and was held by Canevaro.
The Capability Approach
- The Capability Approach is rooted in philosophical and political-economic perspectives.
The Guidelines for the School Integration of Students with Disabilities
- The Guidelines for the School Integration of Students with Disabilities were established in 2000 by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR).
The Freniatria Society
- The Freniatria Society was founded in 1874.
The Meaning of "Idiot"
- "Idiot" originates from the Greek word idiótes meaning "separate” or "abandoned." Seguin used this term to denote an individual with intellectually deficient abilities, not in its colloquial sense.
The Jewish Interpretation of Sickness and Disability
- The Jewish cultural viewpoint on the sick and people with disabilities distinguishes between the sacred and the profane, creating both a linguistic and biological distinction between healthy bodies and bodies with disabilities.
The "Plural Gaze"
- Goussôt proposes using a "plural gaze" to decipher the traces of people with disabilities. His approach underlines the need to see beyond the disability and understand the whole person.
Madame Guerin
- Madame Guerin, a figure from Itard's story, represents a supportive role in the educational process, helping the individual learn.
Itard's Contributions to Special Education
- Itard anticipated the concept of individualization in education. He believed that each individual has unique needs and requires tailored instruction.
- Itard is considered a forerunner of competency-based teaching, focusing on evaluating the specific skills of the individual.
Itard's Educational Intervention with Victor
- Itard's intervention with Victor can be seen as the first organized and intentional therapeutic and educational experience aimed at improving specific abilities.
The Importance of Inclusion
- Inclusion is a significant element of humanization and can be a powerful tool for development and social change.
Pedro Ponce de Leon
- Pedro Ponce de Leon is best known for his efforts in teaching deaf-mute children to pronounce words through writing.
Montesano's Approach to Managing Psychological Deficiencies
- According to Montesano, teachers can manage the psychological deficiencies of a student by understanding the student's abilities and designing appropriate support, as opposed to relying solely on sensory stimulation or vicariance.
De Sanctis' Contribution
- Sante de Sanctis contributed to the scientific understanding of childhood psychoses, exploring the nosography and pathogenesis.
Montesano and the Birth of Differential Classes
- Montesano is considered the forerunner of differential classes, a way to offer individualized instruction to individuals with distinct needs.
'The Education of the Deficient'
- The book, 'The Education of the Deficient' was authored by Giuseppe Ferruccio Montesano.
Seguin's Method
- Seguin called his method “physiological," highlighting the importance of addressing the individual's physical and sensory needs. His approach emphasized the development of sensorimotor skills, which he believed were essential for cognitive development.
The Importance of Adults and People with BES in Special Education
- Gelati emphasizes the need to integrate adults and individuals with BES into the field of Special Education, acknowledging that the field is not only for children.
The Birth of Special Education in Italy
- Zavalloni established the first Chair of Special Education in 1964 at the University of Bologna.
The Role of Support in Special Education
- Madame Guerin, the figure who assisted Itard in his work with Victor, prefigures the function of support in Special Education by providing assistance to the individual in learning and development.
The Role of Itard in Special Education
- Itard's significant work with Victor is widely recognized as the origin of Special Education by many scholars.
Special Education: A Definition
- Mura defined Special Education as a "theoretical-practical discipline dedicated to the elaboration and construction of a theory of individual and social education aimed at reducing/eliminating disability, and which assumes the responsibility of researching, forecasting and promoting ever more human and humanizing forms of relationship and emancipation anthropological, cultural and social."
International Declarations
- The Salamanca Declaration emphasizes the principle of "Education for All," advocating for inclusive education systems that meet the needs of all learners.
The Abolition of Differential Classes
- Law 517/1977 abolished differential classes in Italy.
International Classification: ICF
- The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities refers to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a classification system that focuses on the individual's functioning and participation rather than their impairment.
The Goal of Seguin's Physiological Method
- The Physiological Method of Seguin aimed to activate and mobilize residual potential, not to cancel the deficit.
Definition of Disability: ICF
- The definition of disability as "a limitation or loss of the ability to carry out an activity in the way or within the limits considered normal" is attributed to the ICF.
Disability Studies: A Social Construct
- Disability Studies view disability as a social construct, arguing that societal structures create barriers for individuals with disabilities.
"Special Normality"
- Montuschi coined the term "special normality," suggesting that individuals with disabilities have a unique way of being normal.
Pinel's Terminology
- Pinel referred to people with intellectual and relational disabilities as "deficient" at the end of the 18th century.
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
- Itard's approach of gradual and personalized goal programming aligns with Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development.
Montuschi's Vision for Special Education
- Montuschi emphasizes that Special Education’s function is to highlight problems that might otherwise go unnoticed in the mainstream educational system.
The Capability Approach
- The Capability Approach, developed by Amartya Sen, is a philosophical and political-economic framework that assesses well-being by focusing on the capabilities or opportunities individuals have to live fulfilling lives.
- It is a way of understanding how individuals make choices and exert agency within their environment to achieve their goals.
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Description
This quiz explores various theoretical approaches to distributive justice, competence, and disability classification. It further delves into historical educational methods for deaf individuals by De L’Épée and Heinicke, as well as Itard’s treatment of Victor the feral child. Additionally, it highlights Pinel’s significant contributions to mental health reform.
