Dissociative Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does transvestism refer to?

  • Wearing the clothing of the opposite sex (correct)
  • Wearing clothes of the same sex
  • Wearing alcohol-based fragrance
  • Wearing traditional attire

Transvestic disorder is commonly diagnosed in females.

False (B)

What is a major concern with personality disorders?

Comorbidity or overlapping symptoms.

Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by being ______ and eccentric.

<p>odd</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Histrionic Personality Disorder?

<p>It is characterized by attention-seeking behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the personality disorder with its characteristic traits:

<p>Paranoid Personality Disorder = Excessive mistrust and suspicion Narcissistic Personality Disorder = Grandiosity and lack of empathy Avoidant Personality Disorder = Fearful and anxious behavior Schizoid Personality Disorder = Preference for isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom commonly defines the Schizoid Personality Disorder?

<p>Limited emotional range and preference for isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional responses in personality disorders are typically stable and appropriate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of exhibitionism?

<p>It requires exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The individual experiencing exhibitionistic arousal must be at least 21 years of age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person?

<p>Frotteuristic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intense and recurring sexual arousal occurs for at least ___ months from exposing one's genitals.

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to sexual arousal with their definitions:

<p>Exhibitionism = Exposing genitals to an unsuspecting person Frotteuristic Disorder = Touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person Scopophilia = Sexual arousal from watching others Voyeurism = Sexual pleasure from observing others without their consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional responses are desired by individuals exhibiting exhibitionism?

<p>Fear, surprise, and disgust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of a sexual disorder requires that the individual experiences no significant distress.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word "voir" means ___ in the context of exhibitionistic behavior.

<p>to see</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must symptoms for Interest/Arousal Disorder persist for?

<p>At least 6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acquired Interest/Arousal Disorder occurs when symptoms begin after a period of normal sexual function.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of distress is described as 'Mild' in Interest/Arousal Disorder?

<p>Mild distress over symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

The persistent or recurrent pattern of ______ occurs during partnered sexual activity within approximately 1 minute.

<p>ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a specification for context regarding Interest/Arousal Disorder?

<p>Acquired (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Lifelong = Present since the individual became sexually active Acquired = Began after a period of normal sexual function Generalized = Not limited to specific types of stimulation Situational = Occurs only with certain types of stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Situational Interest/Arousal Disorder is characterized by symptoms that are not influenced by specific situations or partners.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is marked by 'fear or anxiety' in the context of Interest/Arousal Disorder?

<p>Fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a condition that is present since the individual became sexually active?

<p>Lifelong (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalized conditions are limited to specific types of stimulation, situations, or partners.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Severe' indicate in the context of distress over symptoms?

<p>Severe or extreme distress over symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals experiencing marked delay in orgasm must experience this on approximately _____ of sexual occasions.

<p>75%-100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves never experiencing an orgasm under any situation?

<p>Female Orgasmic Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acquired conditions began after an individual's sexual function was normal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations' indicate?

<p>A symptom related to difficulties in achieving orgasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of schizoaffective disorder?

<p>Psychotic symptoms continue for at least two weeks without major mood disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum time frame for ejaculation to be classified as moderate premature ejaculation?

<p>30 seconds to 1 minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jealous delusion involves believing that one’s spouse is unfaithful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental health disorders such as anxiety can negatively affect sexual desire.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration for symptoms to persist in diagnosing schizophrenia?

<p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ delusion pertains to the belief that one is being conspired against.

<p>Persecutory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential cause of decreased sexual function?

<p>High levels of stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ejaculation occurring within approximately ___ seconds of vaginal penetration is classified as severe premature ejaculation.

<p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of delusion with its description:

<p>Jealous delusion = Belief that partner is unfaithful Somatic delusion = Delusions regarding bodily functions Persecutory delusion = Belief that one is being conspired against Schizoaffective disorder = Sustained psychotic symptoms with mood episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'delayed ejaculation' refer to?

<p>Difficulty in reaching ejaculation despite adequate stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their correct categories:

<p>Severe temper outbursts = Behavioral symptoms of distress Depressed mood = Emotional symptoms of distress Significant weight change = Physical symptoms of distress Insomnia = Sleep disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates persistent irritability in children?

<p>Persistent irritability/anger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Situational sexual dysfunction is only applicable in specific contexts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexual dysfunction is characterized by significant disturbances in ____ or pleasure.

<p>sexual response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction must be present in two or more settings to be considered severe.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological factor that may lead to decreased sexual desire?

<p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by a recurring delay or absence of orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation and desire.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by pain during intercourse.

Lifelong Onset

The condition was present since the individual first became sexually active.

Acquired Onset

The condition appeared after a period of normal sexual function.

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Generalized

The sexual dysfunction occurs in all situations and with all partners.

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Situational

The sexual dysfunction occurs only in specific situations or with certain partners.

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Mild Severity

The sexual dysfunction causes mild discomfort or distress.

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Severe Severity

The sexual dysfunction causes severe discomfort or distress.

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What is the main characteristic of Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder?

A disorder marked by persistent discomfort or trouble during sexual intercourse, particularly when experiencing vaginal penetration or attempts.

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How is a judgment of deficiency made for sexual activity?

A clinician assesses the individual's overall health, age, and cultural context to determine if their concerns about sexual activity are valid.

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What is premature ejaculation?

A common sexual dysfunction characterized by consistent and rapid ejaculation within approximately one minute following vaginal penetration.

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What are the possible onsets for premature ejaculation?

The onset of premature ejaculation can either be present throughout the individual's sexual life or develop later after a period of normal sexual function.

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Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by a persistent or recurrent lack of sexual thoughts, desires, or fantasies leading to significant distress.

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How can premature ejaculation occur?

Premature ejaculation can impact all types of sexual stimulation, situations, and partners, or it can be specific to certain circumstances.

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How is premature ejaculation's severity categorized?

The severity of premature ejaculation is categorized based on the level of distress associated with the condition, ranging from mild discomfort to extreme distress.

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Premature Ejaculation (Mild)

A type of sexual dysfunction where a man experiences ejaculation within 30 seconds to 1 minute after vaginal penetration, causing distress.

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Premature Ejaculation (Moderate)

A type of sexual dysfunction where a man experiences ejaculation within 15-30 seconds after vaginal penetration, causing distress.

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How often does premature ejaculation occur?

The experience of premature ejaculation is a complex concern, impacting approximately 75-100% of occasions during sexual activity.

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Premature Ejaculation (Severe)

A severe type of premature ejaculation where a man ejaculates within 15 seconds of penetration, leading to significant personal distress.

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Depression

Mood disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and changes in sleep, appetite, and energy levels. It can affect sexual function.

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Anxiety

A mental health condition involving excessive anxiety and worry, impacting overall well-being and often resulting in decreased sexual desire and function.

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Stress

Stressful situations like work demands, financial troubles, or daily challenges can negatively impact sexual desire and performance.

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Trauma

Past experiences of sexual abuse or trauma can significantly affect sexual function and desire.

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Schizoaffective Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) and mood episodes (depression or mania) that occur simultaneously. The psychotic symptoms must be present for at least two weeks in the absence of a major mood episode.

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Schizophrenia

A mental health disorder that involves a significant impairment in an individual's ability to engage in normal daily functioning. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms such as flat affect. Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months, including the prodromal and residual phases.

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Jealous Delusion

A type of delusion where an individual believes that their spouse or partner is unfaithful. It is often characterized by obsessive thoughts and behaviors related to suspicion and jealousy.

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Persecutory Delusion

A type of delusion where an individual believes that they are being conspired against or persecuted by others. This can manifest in various ways, such as believing that people are watching them, talking about them, or trying to harm them.

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Somatic Delusion

A type of delusion where an individual has false beliefs regarding their bodily functions or sensations. These delusions can vary widely, but commonly involve concerns about physical health, appearance, or internal processes.

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Schizophreniform Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by symptoms similar to schizophrenia, but with a shorter duration (at least one month, but less than six). The symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms.

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Delayed Ejaculation

A type of sexual dysfunction where a person experiences a persistent or recurrent delay or inability to ejaculate despite adequate sexual stimulation and desire. It can occur in various situations or with different partners.

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Sexual Dysfunction

A type of sexual dysfunction characterized by significant disturbances in sexual response and pleasure. It can manifest in various ways, such as difficulty becoming aroused, reaching orgasm, or experiencing sexual satisfaction. It can be generalized or situational, and can occur with different partners.

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Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that differ significantly from cultural expectations and cause distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of life.

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Cluster A Personality Disorders

A cluster of personality disorders characterized by odd, eccentric, and unusual behaviors.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of others.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted emotional expression.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of discomfort with and avoidance of social situations, hypersensitivity to rejection or criticism, and a belief that they are incompetent or socially inadequate.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

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Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual.

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Exhibitionistic Disorder

A sexual urge characterized by intense arousal from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person, lasting at least 6 months and often involving fantasies, urges, or behaviors.

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Frotteuristic Disorder

A sexual disorder involving intense and recurring sexual arousal that occurs for at least 6 months from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, typically involving fantasies, urges, or behaviors.

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Age Requirement for Exhibitionism

The individual experiencing the arousal and/or acting on the urges must be at least 18 years of age.

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Acting on Urges in Exhibitionism

Individuals with this disorder either act upon their sexual urges without consent from the observed person, or they experience significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning due to these urges or fantasies.

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Arousal in Exhibitionism

Individuals with Exhibitionistic Disorder experience intense and recurring sexual arousal from exposing their genitals to an unsuspecting person.

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Duration of Symptoms in Exhibitionism

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors related to exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person are present for at least 6 months to qualify for a diagnosis of Exhibitionistic Disorder.

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Voyeurism Etymology

The term "voyeur" comes from the French word "voir", meaning "to see".

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Scopophilia in Exhibitionism

A person experiencing exhibitionistic urges or behaviors is considered to have Scopophilia, a term referring to the sexual pleasure derived from watching others.

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Study Notes

Dissociative Disorders

  • Individuals feel detached from themselves or surroundings, akin to dreaming or living in slow motion.
  • Reactions to dissociative experiences vary; some individuals are not bothered, others are.
  • Not due to drugs or psychosis.
  • Depersonalization: Perception alters, leading to temporary loss of one's own reality, akin to astral projection.
  • Sensation is like observing oneself in a dream-like state.
  • Derealization: Perception of external world is lost. Surroundings may seem distorted, shapes/size change, individuals seem lifeless or mechanical.
  • Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: Experiences of depersonalization and/or derealization, intact reality testing (reality remains normal), clinically significant distress or impairment. Often chronic and found with other mental health conditions.

Types of Dissociative Amnesia

  • Localized Amnesia: Inability to recall specific events or periods, often centering around a traumatic incident.
  • Selective Amnesia: Partial recall of traumatic event with some aspects missing.
  • Generalized Amnesia: Significant memory loss of an individual's life history, including identity and personal information.

Systematized and Continuous Amnesia

  • Systematized Amnesia: Memory loss affects specific categories of information, like a family member.
  • Continuous Amnesia: Ongoing inability to form new memories or recall recent events, extending into the present moment.

Dissociative Fugue

  • Sudden, unexpected travel with memory loss for identity and past life events.

Dissociative Trance

  • Temporary altered state of consciousness, triggered by stress, trauma, or intense emotions.
  • Involves disconnection from surroundings or self, with memory gaps.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • Individuals have multiple (2-100) alters (identities) with distinct personalities.
  • Identities complete with gestures, personality, handiness, etc.
  • Alters can sometimes begin as voices or inner thoughts.
  • Often a response to stressful situations where the true self cannot cope.
  • The host identity is the primary one seeking treatment.

Dissociative Disorders and Other Conditions

  • Conditions like panic attacks, acute stress disorder, PTSD, etc. can trigger dissociative symptoms.

Other Mental Health Disorders

  • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, psychosis is a loss of contact with reality, symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, disorganized behavior, and negative symptoms (e.g., lack of motivation).
  • Delusions: fixed beliefs not changing despite contradictory evidence; grandeur, control, thought broadcasting, and persecution.
  • Hallucinations: experiencing sensory perceptions that do not exist outside the mind (auditory/visual/olfactory/tactile, gustatory);
  • Disorganized thinking: unusual or illogical flow of thoughts and speech;
  • Disorganized behavior: odd or unorganized actions;
  • Negative symptoms: lack of motivation, emotional expression, and engagement with the world.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • High rates of childhood trauma are commonly associated with dissociative identity disorder.

Schizophreniform Disorder

  • Similar to schizophrenia, but symptoms last for at least one month and less than six months.
  • Absence of impairment in functioning is a major distinguishing factor.

Schizoaffective Disorder

  • Characterized by psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and a concurrent episode of a major mood disorder (depressive/manic).
  • Psychotic features must persist for at least two weeks.

Delusional Disorder

  • Marked by at least one fixed false belief (delusion).
  • Delusions persist for at least one month.
  • Erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic.

Sexual Dysfunction (General):

  • Marked by significant disturbances in sexual response or pleasure. Multiple dysfunctions can occur simultaneously.

Sexual Dysfunction (Specific):

  • Delayed Ejaculation: Marked delay (or absence) of ejaculation, typically 75-100% of partnered sexual activity, persisting for at least 6 months.
  • Erectile Disorder: Marked difficulty with obtaining and maintaining erection.
  • Female Orgasmic Disorder: Marked/frequent delay in, infrequency of, or absence of orgasm.
  • Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder: Lack of or decreased interest in sexual activity and arousal.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

  • Recurrent difficulties with vaginal penetration, with fear, anxiety, or pain.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

  • Severe recurrent temper outbursts inconsistent with developmental level.
  • Persistent irritability between outbursts, present for at least 12 months, with no 3-month break between outbursts.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

  • Depressed mood most of the day, for at least two years (one year in adolescents).
  • Two or more symptoms of depression present during depressive periods.
  • No symptom-free period lasting more than 2 months.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

  • Several symptoms emerge in the week before menses, improving after menstruation.
  • Experiencing one or more mood symptoms such as affective lability, irritability, depressed mood, or anxiety.
  • Experiencing at least four additional symptoms to reach five total.

Paraphilic Disorders

  • Recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, suffering or humiliation of oneself/partner, or children.

Voyeuristic Disorder

  • Intense and recurring sexual arousal occurs when observing an unsuspecting person naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity.
  • Requires presence for at least six months and must be acted upon.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

  • Intense and recurring sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person.
  • Requirement is that the person was not consenting and has been acted upon.

Frotteuristic Disorder

  • Intense and recurring sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person.

Transvestic Disorder

  • Intense and recurring arousal from cross-dressing with a preference for wearing the opposite gender's clothing.

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