Dissociative Anesthetics Quiz

<p>5-HT2A receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot assess a change of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute anxiety and panic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating anxiety and smoking cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microdosing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT receptor subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peaks over a few minutes and disappears within an hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psilocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psilocybin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harvard botanist Richard Schultes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1967</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An orally active tryptamine-based hallucinogen prepared from specific plant species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spiritually uplifting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ayahuasca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD is a prodrug of psilocybin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noncompetitive antagonism of NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a result of its illicit street use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special K</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urological problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As an anesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonism of NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately four hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once every two weeks to two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient cognitive dysfunction similar to schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of its antidepressant effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditional antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversal of atrophy and normalization of dendritic arborization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'psychedelic' was proposed in 1956, combining 'mind' (psyche) and 'manifest' (delos), to mean 'mind-manifesting'. It was intended to convey a sense of clarity, euphony, and being uncontaminated by other associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five criteria for classifying a substance as a hallucinogenic drug are: 1. Main effect is on thought, perception, and mood; 2. Minimal intellectual or memory impairment; 3. Stupor or psychostimulation is not an integral part of drug action; 4. Autonomic side effects are not disabling; 5. Criteria 5 is missing from the provided text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quote 'What a long, strange trip it’s been' from the song 'Truckin’, Grateful Dead' is often associated with the psychedelic experience, reflecting the profound and unconventional nature of the journey induced by hallucinogenic drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main effect of hallucinogenic drugs is their impact on thought, perception, and mood, setting them apart from other substances. Additionally, they are characterized by minimal intellectual or memory impairment, lack of stupor or psychostimulation as an integral part of drug action, and non-disabling autonomic side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD 'trips' can last 6 to 12 hours, while DMT, when smoked, is felt within seconds, peaks over a few minutes, and disappears within an hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of 5-HT2A receptors is the critical mechanism of action in generating hallucinations in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal models cannot be reliably used to study hallucinogens, as they cannot assess a change of consciousness or discriminate drug effects successfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical studies have shown potential therapeutic benefits of hallucinogenic drugs in treating conditions such as anxiety and smoking cessation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinogens do not have high abuse potential, and dependence occurs in a very small number of users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative effects of hallucinogens can include acute anxiety, panic, flashbacks, and long-term psychotic reactions in some users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microdosing of hallucinogens, such as LSD, is being studied for potential benefits, but evidence from placebo-based trials does not look promising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evidence for the benefits of microdosing psychedelic substances is uncertain and may be influenced by the placebo effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD is the most potent, while mescaline is the least potent hallucinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most hallucinogenic drugs have either a serotonin-like or a catecholamine-like structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychedelic effects of hallucinogens typically begin 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD binds with high affinity to at least eight different 5-HT receptor subtypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline, psilocybin, and LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline is found in several species of cactus, including the Peyote cactus, and has been used for religious and healing rituals by Native Americans for thousands of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harvard botanist Richard Schultes 're-discovered' the use of psilocybin in the 1930s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD was synthesized in 1938.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD is a prodrug, with its main compound being psilocybin, which is metabolized into the actual psychoactive agent psilocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD's main compound is psilocybin, which is metabolized into the actual psychoactive agent psilocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ayahuasca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce unusual perceptual and cognitive distortions, and have been used for their novel, stimulating, and spiritually uplifting effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinogens have played significant roles in cultural, scientific, and therapeutic contexts, with their effects and potential continuing to be explored in modern society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSD is a prodrug, with its main compound being psilocybin, which is metabolized into the actual psychoactive agent psilocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-medical (illicit) use of LSD exploded with the hippie culture in the 1960s, leading to a ban in 1967 and the drug's association with the War on Drugs and mandatory minimums.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kary Mullis, Steve Jobs, Francis Crick, and Michel Foucault.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an anesthetic but caused atypical responses such as catatonic-like states and motor rigidity, leading to its clinical use being stopped in 1965.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine is usually sold on the street as 'K,' 'special K,' or 'cat Valium,' and its street supply often comes from medical or veterinary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both PCP and ketamine are noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors and have high abuse potential, with chronic use leading to various health issues such as urological problems and memory deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine has been recommended as an anesthetic agent for pediatric procedures and has been found to alleviate depression rapidly in treatment-resistant patients, with effects lasting weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine's antidepressant mechanism of action primarily depends on the antagonism of NMDARs on GABAergic interneurons, preventing GABA release and allowing for the release of glutamate, leading to downstream effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine's therapeutic dose produces transient cognitive dysfunction similar to cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and too high of a dose loses its antidepressant effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine has been found to have similar effects to traditional antidepressants in inducing rapid BDNF production, increased synaptogenesis, and spine density, with a neuroadaptive state occurring much faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine's antidepressant effects typically emerge approximately four hours after intravenous administration, and patients are often maintained on regimens of once every two weeks to two months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine has been reported to help people disconnect from their bodies and thoughts, with rapid alleviation of depression symptoms in a significant percentage of treatment-resistant patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine has been found to reverse stress-induced neuronal atrophy and normalize dendritic arborization and spine density, with effects similar to traditional antidepressants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 1967, PCP became an illicit street drug known as 'angel dust' or 'hog,' and its street supply usually comes from medical or veterinary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine was developed as a safer alternative to PCP, used as an anesthetic for certain procedures and by veterinarians as a sedative and immobilizing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers