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Questions and Answers
What effect does fever have on the immune system?
What effect does fever have on the immune system?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned as influencing reproduction?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned as influencing reproduction?
What is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature responses like sweating and shivering?
What is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature responses like sweating and shivering?
What promotes sleepiness as part of the sleep-wake cycle?
What promotes sleepiness as part of the sleep-wake cycle?
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How does engaging in exercise after a stressful day help with stress regulation?
How does engaging in exercise after a stressful day help with stress regulation?
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What physiological changes occur during stress responses?
What physiological changes occur during stress responses?
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What is meant by the term 'sleep-wake cycle'?
What is meant by the term 'sleep-wake cycle'?
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What role does the vomeronasal organ play in reproduction?
What role does the vomeronasal organ play in reproduction?
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What are external synchronizers that help align the biological clock with the environment?
What are external synchronizers that help align the biological clock with the environment?
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What is a common consequence of irregular work schedules on sleep patterns?
What is a common consequence of irregular work schedules on sleep patterns?
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How do older adults typically experience changes in their circadian rhythms?
How do older adults typically experience changes in their circadian rhythms?
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Which hormones are most influenced by gene rhythmic expression related to circadian rhythms?
Which hormones are most influenced by gene rhythmic expression related to circadian rhythms?
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What role do clock genes play in circadian rhythms?
What role do clock genes play in circadian rhythms?
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What is a primary effect of jet lag on an individual?
What is a primary effect of jet lag on an individual?
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What major role does the reticular formation play during wakefulness?
What major role does the reticular formation play during wakefulness?
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What is a major influence of light exposure on circadian rhythms?
What is a major influence of light exposure on circadian rhythms?
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During REM sleep, what happens to muscle tone?
During REM sleep, what happens to muscle tone?
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What is the effect of norepinephrine on arousal?
What is the effect of norepinephrine on arousal?
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Which of the following sleep disorders is primarily characterized by difficulty falling asleep?
Which of the following sleep disorders is primarily characterized by difficulty falling asleep?
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What role does the hypothalamus play in sleep regulation?
What role does the hypothalamus play in sleep regulation?
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Which area of the brain is involved in executive functions like decision making?
Which area of the brain is involved in executive functions like decision making?
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What is the primary function of acetylcholine in relation to arousal?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine in relation to arousal?
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How does the locus coeruleus contribute to the body's response to stimuli?
How does the locus coeruleus contribute to the body's response to stimuli?
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What effect does the reticular formation have during a sudden loud noise?
What effect does the reticular formation have during a sudden loud noise?
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What role do pheromones play in sexual attraction?
What role do pheromones play in sexual attraction?
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How do cultural beliefs affect sexual practices?
How do cultural beliefs affect sexual practices?
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What influences a person's internal sense of gender identity?
What influences a person's internal sense of gender identity?
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Which of the following describes heterosexual orientation?
Which of the following describes heterosexual orientation?
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What is a common result of increased sexual motivation?
What is a common result of increased sexual motivation?
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How can cultural attitudes affect individual sexual practices?
How can cultural attitudes affect individual sexual practices?
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Which of the following can be a reason for variations in sexual behavior among individuals?
Which of the following can be a reason for variations in sexual behavior among individuals?
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What might influence an individual's exploration of sexual practices?
What might influence an individual's exploration of sexual practices?
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Which term describes attraction to individuals of the same gender?
Which term describes attraction to individuals of the same gender?
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What might influence an individual's sexual orientation according to genetic research?
What might influence an individual's sexual orientation according to genetic research?
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Which sexual orientation involves attraction to both genders?
Which sexual orientation involves attraction to both genders?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing sexual orientation?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing sexual orientation?
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What does pansexuality emphasize in attraction?
What does pansexuality emphasize in attraction?
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How can early life experiences shape sexual preferences?
How can early life experiences shape sexual preferences?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sexual orientation defined in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sexual orientation defined in the content?
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What role does cultural acceptance play in sexual orientation?
What role does cultural acceptance play in sexual orientation?
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Study Notes
Disruptions of Circadian Rhythms
- Lifestyle Factors: Work schedules, social activities, and sleep hygiene affect sleep patterns. Irregular sleep schedules due to shift work can lead to sleep disturbances.
- Age: Circadian rhythms can change with age, impacting sleep patterns. Older adults may experience earlier bedtimes and wake times.
- Jet Lag: Disruptions caused by traveling across time zones. You may feel tired and have difficulty sleeping after a long flight.
- Shift Work: Irregular schedules disrupt natural sleep-wake cycles. Difficulty sleeping during the day when working night shifts.
- Sleep Disorders: Conditions like insomnia and sleep apnea disrupt sleep patterns, causing difficulty falling asleep or breathing interruptions during sleep.
Molecular Mechanisms
- Clock Genes: Specific genes regulate circadian rhythms (e.g. CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, CRY). Involved in the synthesis of proteins that oscillate in concentration.
- Feedback Loops: Proteins that inhibit their own expression, creating rhythmic cycles. Examples: PER and CRY proteins inhibit CLOCK and BMAL1 activity.
- Circadian Rhythm Generation: Rhythmic expression of genes influences physiological responses. It affects hormone release, body temperature, and sleep patterns.
External Synchronizers (Zeitgebers)
- Definition: Environmental cues that help synchronize the biological clock with the external environment.
- Examples: Light, temperature, and social interactions
- Light Exposure: Primary zeitgeber influencing circadian rhythms. Morning sunlight helps reset the SCN.
Brain Mechanisms of Sleep
- Reticular Formation: Network of neurons in the brainstem regulating arousal and wakefulness. It activates the cortex, promoting alertness and attention.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates sleep-wake cycles and influences REM sleep. It contains orexin-producing neurons that promote wakefulness and energy.
- Muscle Tone: Decreases significantly during REM sleep: muscle atonia occurs. Prevents acting out dreams; relaxation of muscle groups. Muscles are relaxed, preventing movement during vivid dreams.
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness
- Reticular Formation: Network of neurons in the brainstem that regulates arousal and attention. It activates the cortex, promoting alertness and sensory processing.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Plays a role in executive functions, decision-making, and maintaining focus. It increases attention and regulates responses to stimuli.
- Locus Coeruleus: A cluster of neurons in the pons that releases norepinephrine, enhancing arousal. It increases alertness and response to stimuli involved in the stress response.
Neurotransmitters of Sleep, Wake, and Arousal
- Norepinephrine: Released by the locus coeruleus. Increases arousal and alertness. Enhances focus and response to new information.
- Acetylcholine: Involved in promoting wakefulness and attention.
Temperature Regulation
- Autonomic Responses: Sweating or shivering to adjust body temperature.
- Hypothalamus: Detects temperature changes and activates sweating or shivering.
- Behavioral Adaptations: Seeking shade or wearing appropriate clothing based on the temperature.
Stress Responses
- Definition: Physiological and behavioral responses to stressors.
- Physiological Mechanisms: Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis releases stress hormones like cortisol.
- Behavioral Mechanisms: Engaging in coping behaviors, such as exercise or seeking social support.
Sleep Regulation
- Definition: The combination of physiological signals and behavioral cues influencing sleep patterns.
- Physiological Mechanisms: Melatonin release in response to darkness promotes sleepiness. Circadian rhythms regulate sleep-wake cycles.
- Behavioral Mechanisms: Setting a regular bedtime and creating a conducive sleep environment.
Hormonal Influence on Reproduction
- Role of Hormones: Hormones regulate sexual development, behavior, and reproduction. Estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone influence mating behavior.
- Integration of Signals: Integration of sensory input and hormonal signals promote mating behavior. This is responsible for the pursuit of sexual partners and copulation.
Sexual Attraction
- Pheromones: Chemical signals that influence attraction and reproductive behavior. Detected by the vomeronasal organ and processed in the brain to influence social and sexual behaviors. Attraction is often influenced by scent and hormonal signals.
- Social and Cultural Influences: Social experiences and cultural norms shape individual sexual preferences.
Cultural Influences on Mating Strategies
- Social Norms: Variations in sexual behavior based on cultural beliefs, practices, and societal norms.
- Cultural Attitudes: Cultural attitudes toward sexuality can affect physiological responses and health. Behavioral expressions of sexuality are often shaped by cultural expectations.
Gender Identity
- Definition: A person’s internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond to their biological sex.
- Biological Influences: Hormonal influences during development may affect gender identity formation.
- Social and Cultural Influences: Social experiences and cultural narratives shape one’s understanding and expression of gender identity.
- Transgender: Individuals may transition to align their gender identity with their gender expression.
Types of Sexual Orientation
- Heterosexual: Attraction to individuals of the opposite gender. Typically associated with traditional gender roles and expectations.
- Homosexual: Attraction to individuals of the same gender. Research suggests potential genetic and hormonal influences.
- Bisexual: Attraction to individuals of both genders. Hormonal influences may affect the range of attractions.
- Pansexual: Attraction to individuals regardless of their gender identity. It may involve broad attraction influenced by personality rather than gender.
Biological Influences on Sexual Orientation
- Genetic Predispositions: Genetic predispositions and prenatal hormone levels may play a role in determining sexual orientation.
- Hormonal influences: Hormonal influences during critical developmental periods affect brain structures related to sexual orientation.
- Early Life Experiences: Early life experiences and social interactions can shape sexual preferences.
Psychosocial Influences - Environmental Factors
- Social Environment: The social environment can influence the acceptance of one’s sexual orientation.
- Cultural Norms and Peer Influences: Cultural norms and peer influences affect individual choices and identities.
- Family and Cultural Beliefs: Acceptance or rejection of sexual orientation based on family and cultural beliefs.
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Description
Explore the factors that disrupt circadian rhythms, such as age, lifestyle choices, and sleep disorders. This quiz covers molecular mechanisms and the effects of jet lag and shift work on sleep patterns. Test your knowledge of how these elements influence overall sleep hygiene.
