Disinvestment and Sanctions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the main reason the United Nations' sanctions against South Africa in 1962 were unsuccessful?

  • Lack of support from Western countries (correct)
  • Strong internal resistance from the South African government
  • Insufficient evidence of human rights violations
  • The sanctions were too lenient

Who formulated the Sullivan Principles to guide American companies in South Africa?

  • Desmond Tutu
  • Nelson Mandela
  • Reverend Leon Sullivan (correct)
  • Martin Luther King Jr.

What was the objective of the Sullivan Principles?

  • To enforce government sanctions on South Africa
  • To completely withdraw American investment from South Africa
  • To encourage racially integrated work environments (correct)
  • To promote apartheid policies in South Africa

What approach did the Republican Party in the United States take regarding South Africa during this time?

<p>A policy of constructive engagement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were American companies hesitant to fully adopt the Sullivan Principles?

<p>The principles were non-binding guidelines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant legislative action did the United States Congress take from 1986 to 1988?

<p>Passed harsher sanctions bills against South Africa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the United Nations propose sanctions against South Africa?

<p>1962 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the Sullivan Principles?

<p>They were formulated to oppose apartheid laws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for American companies withdrawing from South Africa?

<p>The imposition of laws that taxed them in both South Africa and America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which British Prime Minister opposed sanctions against South Africa?

<p>Margaret Thatcher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What international development contributed to the pressure on the South African government to negotiate an end to Apartheid?

<p>The end of the Cold War (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was instrumental in starting the Release Mandela Campaign?

<p>Ahmed Kathrada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did the United Nations adopt a resolution calling for the release of political prisoners in South Africa?

<p>1963 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did international trade unions use to oppose the Apartheid government?

<p>Refusing to handle South African goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the successful economic sanctions against South Africa by the late 1980s?

<p>Negotiations to end Apartheid began (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was Nelson Mandela finally released from prison?

<p>1990 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions were notably supportive of the anti-Apartheid movements?

<p>Scandinavia and Britain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred after 1974 regarding African states?

<p>Portugal lost control over Angola and Mozambique. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the South African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)?

<p>To counter the economic influence of South Africa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were included in the Frontline States supporting the anti-Apartheid struggle?

<p>Angola, Botswana, Mozambique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limited the success of newly-independent African states before 1974?

<p>Colonial power control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was South Africa attempting to do with an 'anti-Marxist coalition'?

<p>Form a regional bloc of southern African states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was NOT a Frontline State?

<p>Namibia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of influence did trade unions have towards the end of the 1980s?

<p>They supported economic sanctions against South Africa. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the air strikes by the South African Air Force?

<p>Destabilisation of neighbouring states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Nkomati Accord signed in 1984?

<p>To diminish the threat from RENAMO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did South Africa exert pressure on Lesotho in the mid-1980s?

<p>Through economic pressure resulting in a government change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dilemma did African states face regarding South Africa's policies during Apartheid?

<p>Being critical of South Africa while fearing retribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did international sanctions have on South Africa's economy?

<p>They contributed to its economic isolation and decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reaction of the Frontline States towards South Africa's Apartheid regime?

<p>They supported ANC guerrilla activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which large firm is mentioned as having disinvested in South Africa due to anti-Apartheid sentiment?

<p>Kodak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of boycotts of South African goods?

<p>A decline in South Africa's export trade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sullivan Principles

A set of principles aimed at encouraging ethical business practices in South Africa, advocating for equal treatment of employees and a racially integrated environment.

Disinvestment

The deliberate withdrawal of investments from a particular country, often as a form of political protest.

Sanctions

Economic measures imposed by one country on another, often to pressure them into changing their policies.

Constructive engagement

A strategy that emphasizes diplomatic engagement with a country to influence its policies instead of imposing sanctions.

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Apartheid

A policy intended to create a racially segregated system of governance based on racial classification in South Africa.

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Economic isolation

The United Nations' attempt to isolate South Africa economically by restricting trade and investment.

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Harsher sanctions bills

The period from 1986 to 1988 when the US Congress passed increasingly strict sanctions against South Africa.

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Tricameral parliament

A system of government in South Africa that aimed to create separate political structures for different racial groups.

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Frontline States

States bordering South Africa that actively opposed apartheid, many of which had recently gained independence.

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SADCC (Southern African Development Coordination Conference)

An organization formed by African states to counter apartheid, it aimed to lessen South Africa's economic dominance in the region.

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Anti-Marxist Coalition

A group of countries (including South Africa's 'homelands') that South Africa intended to create to counter the influence of the Frontline States and their allies.

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Post-1974 Transition

The period after 1974, when Portugal granted independence to Angola and Mozambique, and Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980, which put more pressure on South Africa to change its policies.

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South African military buildup

South Africa's attempts to counter the influence of the ANC's guerilla movement operating from neighboring countries.

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Trade Union Activism

The role that trade unions played in supporting the anti-apartheid movement through pressure on businesses and governments.

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Organisation of African Unity (OAU)

The organization of African states formed in 1963 to promote cooperation and oppose colonialism.

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Limited Success of African Independence

The limited success of newly independent African states in the 1960s due to the continued control of Southern Africa by colonial powers and white governments.

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Economic Sanctions against Apartheid South Africa

Laws that prohibited further investment in South Africa and imposed taxes on companies operating in both South Africa and America.

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Commonwealth Split on South African Sanctions

This was a significant event where the UK refused to join other Commonwealth members in imposing sanctions against South Africa. Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister, opposed these measures, leading to a split in the Commonwealth's stance on South Africa.

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Effectiveness of Sanctions and Disinvestment

These policies, including sanctions and disinvestment, aimed to pressure the South African government to abandon Apartheid. They eventually achieved success, leading to negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC) and other liberation movements.

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Release Mandela Campaign

A prominent campaign that advocated for the release of Nelson Mandela, a political prisoner in South Africa. It was initiated by Ahmed Kathrada and gained considerable momentum over time, culminating in Mandela's release in 1990.

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Nelson Mandela's Imprisonment and the Release Campaign

Nelson Mandela, arrested in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment, was a symbol of resistance against Apartheid. The South African government initially hoped his imprisonment would silence opposition but the campaign for his release persisted both inside and outside South Africa.

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UN Resolution on Political Prisoners in South Africa

The United Nations played a role in advocating for the release of South African political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. This resolution put international pressure on the South African government.

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Role of International Trade Unions in Anti-Apartheid Efforts

These trade unions exerted pressure on their governments to take action against the Apartheid regime. Their strategies included refusing to handle South African goods and continuous negotiation.

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End of the Cold War and Apartheid

The Cold War's end led to a shift in global dynamics and the international community's focus on human rights issues in South Africa. This pressure contributed to the South African government's willingness to negotiate the end of Apartheid.

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Boycott

The practice of boycotting products or services from a particular country to express disapproval of its policies.

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Why did South Africa need international investment?

The South African government needed foreign investment to keep its economy growing.

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What was the impact of international sanctions on South Africa?

The South African government's policies and actions led to a strong international backlash, resulting in economic hardship and isolation.

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What were the effects of disinvestment on South Africa's economy?

Large companies around the world began to withdraw their investments from South Africa due to its apartheid policies, a significant factor in economic hardship.

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Study Notes

Disinvestment and Sanctions

  • The UN tried to sanction South Africa in 1962.
  • This was unsuccessful due to lack of support from Western countries.
  • Western companies had economic interests in South Africa.
  • Large profits and returns on investments influenced countries' decisions.
  • The UN was seen as interfering in South Africa's domestic affairs.
  • The anti-Apartheid movement had little success in imposing sanctions.

Sullivan Principles

  • In 1977, Reverend Leon Sullivan proposed the Sullivan Principles.
  • It aimed to guide American companies investing in South Africa.
  • These principles called for racial equality for workers.
  • This was difficult to maintain, especially for companies in South Africa.
  • The principles acted as an attempt at sanction, despite not being a regulation.
  • These were the first attempt at a US sanction.

Opposition to Sanctions

  • The Republican Party opposed sanctions against South Africa.
  • They preferred a "constructive engagement" approach.
  • This used diplomatic means to persuade South Africa to change its policies.

Increased Sanctions

  • Congress passed stricter sanctions from 1986 to 1988.
  • They involved prohibiting or taxing investments in South Africa.
  • This led to increased withdrawal of American companies and less trade with South Africa.
  • A split occurred in Britain and the Commonwealth over sanctions in 1986.

Release Mandela Campaign

  • Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1962.
  • He received a life sentence in 1964.
  • The United Nations supported Mandela's release.
  • The ANC promoted his release.
  • This encouraged the Release Mandela Campaign.
  • Ahmed Kathrada started the campaign.

Role of International Trade Unions

  • International trade unions (e.g., Norwegian Action Movement, European Confederation of Free Trade Unions) exerted influence.
  • Negotiations and refusal to handle South African goods were tactics used.
  • This pressured governments, especially in Scandinavia, Denmark, Britain, and African nations.
  • This contributed to anti-Apartheid movements.

Support for anti-Apartheid in Africa

  • Frontline states (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) were particularly supportive of anti-Apartheid efforts.
  • These states shared borders with South Africa and recently escaped colonial rule.
  • Cooperation among these states grew stronger after 1974 (Portuguese colonies gained independence),
  • The SADCC (South African Development Coordination Conference) was created to counter South Africa's influence.
  • This aimed to balance South African power in the region.

South African Economy in Trouble

  • South Africa's economy faced sanctions and disinvestment as global pressure increased.
  • Boycotts and internal resistance significantly impacted the South African economy.
  • These factors contributed to the end of Apartheid.

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Related Documents

2.5 Disinvestment and Sanctions PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the UN's efforts to impose sanctions on South Africa and the role of the Sullivan Principles. Explore the political and economic challenges faced during the anti-Apartheid movement and the various stances taken by American companies and political parties. This quiz covers key events and concepts essential to understanding the sanctions debate.

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