Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which geographical regions were closely associated with trade unions that supported the anti-Apartheid movement?
Which geographical regions were closely associated with trade unions that supported the anti-Apartheid movement?
What was the primary goal of the South African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)?
What was the primary goal of the South African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)?
What was a significant consequence of the economic sanctions and disinvestment policies imposed on South Africa?
What was a significant consequence of the economic sanctions and disinvestment policies imposed on South Africa?
Which of the following best describes the aim of South Africa, when attempting to create an 'anti-Marxist coalition' in southern Africa?
Which of the following best describes the aim of South Africa, when attempting to create an 'anti-Marxist coalition' in southern Africa?
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What was the main reason for the split between Britain and other Commonwealth members regarding South Africa?
What was the main reason for the split between Britain and other Commonwealth members regarding South Africa?
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What significant political change occurred in 1974 that impacted the anti-Apartheid movement?
What significant political change occurred in 1974 that impacted the anti-Apartheid movement?
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What specific action did Prime Minister P.W. Botha take in response to the threat posed by ANC guerrillas?
What specific action did Prime Minister P.W. Botha take in response to the threat posed by ANC guerrillas?
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Why did American companies begin to withdraw from South Africa?
Why did American companies begin to withdraw from South Africa?
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In addition to sanctions, what other kind of influence did trade unions use against the Apartheid regime?
In addition to sanctions, what other kind of influence did trade unions use against the Apartheid regime?
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What was the initial aim of the South African state regarding Nelson Mandela and other Rivonia trialists?
What was the initial aim of the South African state regarding Nelson Mandela and other Rivonia trialists?
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What was the primary effect of South African airstrikes on neighboring countries?
What was the primary effect of South African airstrikes on neighboring countries?
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The Nkomati Accord, signed between South Africa and Mozambique in 1984, is an example of:
The Nkomati Accord, signed between South Africa and Mozambique in 1984, is an example of:
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Which of the following was NOT a Frontline State that bordered South Africa?
Which of the following was NOT a Frontline State that bordered South Africa?
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Which statement best describes the role of international trade unions regarding South Africa?
Which statement best describes the role of international trade unions regarding South Africa?
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Why did some American companies find it difficult to comply with the Sullivan Principles in South Africa?
Why did some American companies find it difficult to comply with the Sullivan Principles in South Africa?
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What was the outcome of South Africa's economic pressure on Lesotho in 1986?
What was the outcome of South Africa's economic pressure on Lesotho in 1986?
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Who initiated the Release Mandela Campaign before the Rivonia Trial?
Who initiated the Release Mandela Campaign before the Rivonia Trial?
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What was the dilemma faced by African states regarding South Africa's apartheid policies?
What was the dilemma faced by African states regarding South Africa's apartheid policies?
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What was the final decision made concerning economic policy towards South Africa by the Commonwealth?
What was the final decision made concerning economic policy towards South Africa by the Commonwealth?
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What was the impact of international sanctions, disinvestment, and boycotts on South Africa?
What was the impact of international sanctions, disinvestment, and boycotts on South Africa?
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What event directly preceded Nelson Mandela's release from prison?
What event directly preceded Nelson Mandela's release from prison?
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Besides imposing sanctions, what actions did the Frontline States take against South Africa?
Besides imposing sanctions, what actions did the Frontline States take against South Africa?
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International sanctions against South Africa were primarily driven by:
International sanctions against South Africa were primarily driven by:
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Which of these companies disinvested from South Africa due to the Anti-Apartheid sentiment?
Which of these companies disinvested from South Africa due to the Anti-Apartheid sentiment?
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Why were the United Nations’ attempts to impose sanctions on South Africa in 1962 largely unsuccessful?
Why were the United Nations’ attempts to impose sanctions on South Africa in 1962 largely unsuccessful?
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What was the primary focus of the Sullivan Principles?
What was the primary focus of the Sullivan Principles?
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What was a major factor that limited the success of newly-independent African states in the early years?
What was a major factor that limited the success of newly-independent African states in the early years?
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What did the term 'constructive engagement' refer to, in the context of U.S. relations with South Africa?
What did the term 'constructive engagement' refer to, in the context of U.S. relations with South Africa?
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What was the main difference between the Sullivan Principles and the actions of the US Congress in the period between 1986 and 1988?
What was the main difference between the Sullivan Principles and the actions of the US Congress in the period between 1986 and 1988?
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Why did the US Congress begin to pass harsher sanctions bills against South Africa during 1986 to 1988?
Why did the US Congress begin to pass harsher sanctions bills against South Africa during 1986 to 1988?
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What was the primary reason that many western nations did not support sanctions against South Africa in the 1960s?
What was the primary reason that many western nations did not support sanctions against South Africa in the 1960s?
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What was the impact of the Sullivan Principles on American companies operating in South Africa?
What was the impact of the Sullivan Principles on American companies operating in South Africa?
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Study Notes
Disinvestment and Sanctions
- In November 1962, the United Nations attempted to isolate South Africa economically.
- This attempt failed due to the lack of support from many Western countries, who had strong economic interests in South Africa.
- Some countries argued that the United Nations was interfering in South Africa's internal affairs.
The Sullivan Principles
- In 1977, Reverend Leon Sullivan, a member of the General Motors board, developed a set of principles (Sullivan Principles) to guide American companies investing in South Africa.
- These principles aimed to ensure equal treatment of employees and racially integrated workplaces.
- American companies found it difficult to meet the demands of the principles, especially concerning racially integrated events.
- The principles were a guideline and not a regulation for American businesses.
- They marked a notable step towards encouraging sanctions against South Africa.
Opposition to Sanctions
- The Republican Party in the US consistently opposed sanctions against South Africa.
- They favoured a policy of 'constructive engagement', attempting to persuade South Africa to change through diplomacy.
- Increased opposition to the Tricameral Parliament in South Africa led to Congress enacting harsher sanctions measures between 1986 and 1988.
- These measures included forbidding further investment and taxing companies operating in South Africa.
- This resulted in some companies withdrawing from South Africa and reduced trade between the countries.
Mandela's Release Campaign
- Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment after the Rivonia Trial (1964).
- The United Nations adopted a resolution calling for South Africa to release political prisoners.
- The campaign for Mandela's release was maintained by the ANC in exile.
- The Release Mandela Campaign gained momentum, led by figures like Ahmed Kathrada.
- Mandela's release in 1990, facilitated by President FW de Klerk, marked a significant step in the end of apartheid.
Role of International Trade Unions
- International trade unions (e.g., Norwegian Action Movement, European Confederation of Free Trade Unions) influenced governments to isolate South Africa.
- Their actions included negotiating with their governments to avoid South African goods.
- These actions increased in the 1980s, contributing to a change in the direction of South Africa's government and the move towards democracy.
Frontline States
- Frontline States (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) supported the anti-apartheid movement.
- The states were located on the border of South Africa and were recently independent from colonial rule.
- These states formed the South African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) to challenge South Africa's influence.
- They fostered cooperation, particularly in response to the political instability and threat of conflict from South Africa.
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Description
Explore the historical context of disinvestment and sanctions in South Africa from the 1960s onwards. This quiz delves into the United Nations' efforts to economically isolate South Africa, the development of the Sullivan Principles, and the opposition faced by these sanctions. Test your knowledge on this critical period of South African history.
