Disinvestment and Sanctions in South Africa

The practice of withdrawing investments from a country as a form of protest. In the context of South Africa, it was a response to the apartheid regime's policies.

Measures taken by one country against another, often in response to political or economic actions. These can include trade restrictions, financial penalties, or other forms of economic pressure.

A set of principles developed by Reverend Leon Sullivan in 1977 to guide American companies operating in South Africa. The principles aimed to promote racial equality in the workplace and beyond.

A diplomatic strategy that aims to influence a country's behavior by engaging in dialogue and cooperation, rather than imposing sanctions or using force.

A system of racial segregation and discrimination that was in place in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. This system classified people based on their race and imposed severe restrictions on non-white citizens.

The United Nations' attempt in 1962 to impose sanctions on South Africa failed due to lack of support from many Western countries, particularly the United States and Britain, who had significant economic interests in South Africa.

The United States Congress, after witnessing growing opposition to apartheid in South Africa, passed several sanction bills from 1986 to 1988 to increase pressure on the South African government to dismantle apartheid.

The Tricameral Parliament was created in South Africa during apartheid, but it was not sufficiently representative of the diverse population and was met with significant protests. This contributed to a stronger stance against apartheid by the US Congress.

These laws were aimed at limiting economic ties with South Africa, hindering investments and imposing double taxation on companies involved in South African trade.

The United Nations called upon South Africa to release all political prisoners, highlighting Mandela's imprisonment and campaigning for his freedom.

An influential campaign demanding Nelson Mandela's release from prison, driven by international activism and growing global pressure.

The Release Mandela Campaign started before the Rivonia Trial, with Ahmed Kathrada initiating the movement, and saw continuous efforts until Mandela's release in 1990, marked by national and international protests.

International trade unions like the Norwegian Action Movement and the European Confederation of Free Trade Unions actively pressured their governments by refusing to handle South African goods, aiming for greater isolation of the Apartheid regime.

The split occurred when the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, opposed sanctions against South Africa, leading to individual Commonwealth members making independent decisions on economic policies regarding South Africa.

The sanctions and disinvestment policies, coupled with international developments like the end of the Cold War, put pressure on the South African government to start negotiations with the African National Congress and other liberation movements, ultimately leading to the end of Apartheid.

International trade unions, like the Norwegian Action Movement and the European Confederation of Free Trade Unions, used negotiations and boycotts of South African goods to influence their governments to act against the Apartheid regime.

African states that bordered South Africa and supported the anti-apartheid struggle, including Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

A regional economic organization created by the Frontline States to counter South Africa's economic dominance and support the anti-apartheid movement.

The South African government's attempt to create a regional bloc of countries aligned with its policies, including some South African homelands. It failed due to the unwillingness of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

The Organisation of African Unity, established in 1963, played a crucial role in supporting the anti-apartheid struggle by uniting African states against South Africa's racial policies.

The OAU's opposition to apartheid was strengthened after Portugal granted independence to its colonized territories, Angola and Mozambique, in 1974, shifting the balance of power in the region.

The Frontline States played a key role in creating a regional economic power-grouping known as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) to counter South Africa's political and economic influence.

The South African government's effort to create a regional bloc of countries aligning with its apartheid policies failed due to the reluctance of key states like Zimbabwe and Mozambique to participate.

The Frontline States, facing pressure from the South African government, provided refuge and support for anti-apartheid movements like the African National Congress (ANC), making those states targets of South African military incursions and aggression.

Countries targeted by South Africa through air strikes and sabotage during apartheid.

Agreement signed between South Africa and Mozambique in 1984, aimed at reducing border conflicts. It was a result of South Africa's support for the RENAMO rebel group in Mozambique.

South Africa's use of economic pressure on Lesotho in 1986, forcing a change in government. It led to a more sympathetic Lesotho government towards South Africa.

The struggle African states faced during apartheid. They opposed South Africa's racial policies but feared retaliation if they opposed it too strongly.

The Frontline States' response to apartheid. They coordinated sanctions against South Africa and supported the ANC's guerilla activity against the apartheid government.

The increasing international pressure against apartheid that led to disinvestment, boycotts, and sanctions. This economic pressure weakened South Africa's economy.

The withdrawal of investments from South Africa by large firms such as Barclays Bank and Kodak due to anti-apartheid sentiment.

The action of boycotting South African goods, which led to declining export sales and damaged South Africa's economy.