Podcast
Questions and Answers
The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
True
As of 2020, the incidence rate of HIV cases was higher than in 2002.
As of 2020, the incidence rate of HIV cases was higher than in 2002.
False
Vertical transmission is responsible for 48.5% of new HIV cases.
Vertical transmission is responsible for 48.5% of new HIV cases.
False
The majority of new HIV infections notified in 2019 were among male individuals.
The majority of new HIV infections notified in 2019 were among male individuals.
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Leprosy is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae.
Leprosy is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae.
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Symptoms of leprosy can appear as soon as one year after infection.
Symptoms of leprosy can appear as soon as one year after infection.
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Rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine are used for treating all leprosy patients.
Rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine are used for treating all leprosy patients.
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Leprosy is considered highly infectious and can be transmitted easily.
Leprosy is considered highly infectious and can be transmitted easily.
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The prevalence of leprosy in Malaysia is greater than 1.5 cases per 10,000 people.
The prevalence of leprosy in Malaysia is greater than 1.5 cases per 10,000 people.
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Malaria in Malaysia is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
Malaria in Malaysia is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
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Dengue cases in Malaysia increased due to public awareness about aedes breeding.
Dengue cases in Malaysia increased due to public awareness about aedes breeding.
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BCG immunization compliance in Malaysia was recorded at 93.8% in 2005.
BCG immunization compliance in Malaysia was recorded at 93.8% in 2005.
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The National Immunisation Programme includes a vaccine for cervical cancer.
The National Immunisation Programme includes a vaccine for cervical cancer.
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Communicable diseases are spread exclusively through direct contact between individuals.
Communicable diseases are spread exclusively through direct contact between individuals.
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Non-communicable diseases are often chronic in nature and cannot be transmitted from person to person.
Non-communicable diseases are often chronic in nature and cannot be transmitted from person to person.
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HIV/AIDS is classified as a non-communicable disease.
HIV/AIDS is classified as a non-communicable disease.
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Dengue fever is one of the diseases that must be reported to government authorities.
Dengue fever is one of the diseases that must be reported to government authorities.
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The Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 regulates the reporting of 30 notifiable diseases in Malaysia.
The Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 regulates the reporting of 30 notifiable diseases in Malaysia.
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Cholera can lead to death within hours if not treated promptly.
Cholera can lead to death within hours if not treated promptly.
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Food poisoning is classified as a communicable disease.
Food poisoning is classified as a communicable disease.
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Heart attacks are classified as infectious diseases.
Heart attacks are classified as infectious diseases.
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Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli.
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Hydration and antibiotic therapy are important for treating typhoid fever.
Hydration and antibiotic therapy are important for treating typhoid fever.
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Tuberculosis is primarily spread through contaminated food.
Tuberculosis is primarily spread through contaminated food.
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Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral cholera vaccines.
Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral cholera vaccines.
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The commonly used antibiotics for treating TB include isoniazid and rifampin.
The commonly used antibiotics for treating TB include isoniazid and rifampin.
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Individuals with a healthy immune system will always show symptoms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Individuals with a healthy immune system will always show symptoms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) can help improve adherence to TB treatment regimens.
Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) can help improve adherence to TB treatment regimens.
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The local cholera vaccine was approved for use by the end of 2021.
The local cholera vaccine was approved for use by the end of 2021.
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Study Notes
Disease Patterns & Health Problems in Malaysia
- The presentation is about disease patterns and health problems in Malaysia.
- A speaker, Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood, PhD, RPh, from the Faculty of Pharmacy, UKM, delivered the presentation.
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
- Communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or their toxins.
- These diseases spread directly or indirectly from one person to another, or from animals to people (zoonotic diseases).
- Transmission can occur through airborne particles, blood, or other bodily fluids.
- The terms "infectious" and "contagious" are also used to describe communicable diseases.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCD), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person to person and typically have a long duration and slow progression, .
Examples of Communicable Diseases
- Malaria: spread by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, a parasitic disease.
- Hepatitis: a viral disease affecting the liver.
- HIV/AIDS: attacks the immune system.
Four Main Types of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
- Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart attacks, stroke).
- Cancers.
- Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD, asthma).
- Diabetes.
Top 5 Principal Causes of Death in Malaysia (2021)
- Data on the top 5 causes of death in 2021 in Malaysia is presented.
- The data shows ischaemic heart disease was one of the top causes of death.
Statistics on Causes of Death in Malaysia (2020, 2021, and 2022)
- Detailed statistics on the top 10 causes of death in Malaysia for 2020, 2021 and 2022 are presented.
- The data presented includes age groups and ethnicities breakdown.
- Data is from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Notifiable Diseases
- Any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities is a notifiable disease.
- The Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342) regulates 25 diseases.
- Information collation allows monitoring and early warning of potential outbreaks.
List of Other Communicable Diseases
- Dengue fever
- Tuberculosis
- Food poisoning
- Hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD)
- HIV/AIDS
- COVID-19
Incidence Rate and Mortality Rate of Communicable Diseases (2022)
- Data for various communicable diseases, including incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000 population), provided for the year 2022 from the Disease Control Division of the Ministry of Health (MOH).
- Includes rates for 2000, 2005, 2013 and 2020, providing a historical context.
Cholera (Communicable Disease)
- An acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water
- Caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
- Untreated, the infection can be fatal within hours.
- Related to drinking water quality and food prepared by carriers.
- Interventions commonly include proper sanitation, clean water, antibiotic treatment and hydration.
Typhoid (Communicable Disease)
- Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella Typhi (S.typhi).
- The bacterium is present in the blood and intestinal tract of infected individuals.
- Transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected persons' feces or urine.
- Hygiene in food preparation and sanitation are key to prevention of Typhoid.
- Can be treated with hydration and antibiotic therapy with specific antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone.
Tuberculosis (TB) (Communicable Disease - Infectious)
- An infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mostly affecting the lungs.
- Transmitted via droplets from the respiratory tract of infected persons.
- Symptoms include cough, sputum, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
- Treatable with a six-month course of antibiotics.
HIV/AIDS (Communicable Disease- Infectious)
- A major public health concern.
- First case detected in 1986.
- Cases are reducing, but a considerable number of new cases are still recorded each year in Malaysia, with females having a rising trend.
- Transmission through sharing needles, sexual contact, and blood transfusions.
- Prevention strategies including harm reduction programs (such as needle exchange and methadone maintenance therapy) and prevention of mother-to-child transmission protocols.
Leprosy (Communicable Disease - Infectious)
- A chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
- Incubation period can be as long as 20 years.
- Affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. Treatable with a course of antibiotics.
Causes of Death
- Approximately 50% of deaths are not certified in hospitals, but in homes, often due to old age.
- Cancer is a significant cause of death related to the aging population with specific cancers more prevalent in certain sexes.
National Immunization Programme
- Schedule and types of vaccinations, including BCG, Hepatitis B, DTaP-IPV-Hep B-Hib, MMR, PCV, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccine.
- Specific information on the immunizations schedule and requirements varies based on the age of the person being vaccinated.
Immunization Compliance (2005)
- Vaccination compliance rates for various vaccines, including BCG, Hepatitis B, DPT, Oral polio, and MMR, are provided, showing the effectiveness of the program.
Childhood Immunization Coverage (2022)
- Data on vaccination coverage for various vaccines for children, showing the coverage rates.
- Details are available for different vaccines and different age groups of children.
Vector-borne diseases (Communicable) in Malaysia
- Specific data on Malaria and Dengue fever are reported in terms of incidence and trends in different regions (e.g., Sabah and Sarawak).
- Details and statistics are provided for Filariasis and Chikungunya, including incidence rates and affected regions within Malaysia.
Hospitalizations (2022)
- Data for the ten most common causes of hospitalization in both MOH Hospitals and private hospitals in 2022.
- Data categorized by cause (e.g., respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, or complications from pregnancy.)
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Description
This quiz explores the disease patterns and health problems affecting Malaysia, focusing on both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Discover the transmission methods of infectious diseases and the characteristics of chronic diseases prevalent in the region.
