Health Problems in Malaysia: Disease Patterns

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Questions and Answers

What is the prevalence rate of leprosy that Malaysia has achieved since 1994?

Less than 1/10000 (correct)

Less than 2/10000

Less than 0.5/10000

Less than 3/10000

Which anti-malarial agent is NOT mentioned as commonly used?

Artemisinin (correct)

Chloroquine

Quinine

Mefloquine

What factor has contributed to the increase of dengue cases in 2020?

Higher population density

Increased travel

Public apathy regarding Aedes breeding (correct)

Lack of vaccination

Which cancer type is most common among males in the aging population?

Lung Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine shows the highest compliance rate in the immunization program in 2005?

BCG Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for typhoid fever?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT typically used to treat tuberculosis?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the treatment for drug-sensitive tuberculosis?

Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is Dukoral associated with?

Cholera Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for tuberculosis infection?

Being immunocompromised Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for the direct observation treatment (DOT) for tuberculosis?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of active tuberculosis of the lung?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cholera prevention is true?

Safe food handling practices are crucial. Signup and view all the answers

What was the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS cases per 100,000 population in 2020?

9.31 cases Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of new HIV infections in 2019 was attributed to heterosexual transmission?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Which program was introduced to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

ARV prophylaxis programme Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment duration is required for multibacillary leprosy?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods contributes to the transmission of Leprosy?

Droplets from nose and mouth Signup and view all the answers

What was the number of AIDS related deaths notified in 2019?

986 Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of female HIV cases reported in 2006?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes communicable diseases?

They are spread through pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-communicable diseases?

They generally have a slow progression. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of chronic disease?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is included in the list of notifiable diseases in Malaysia?

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preventing cholera?

Prompt access to treatment including hydration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following falls under the category of communicable diseases?

Food poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 in Malaysia?

It mandates the reporting of specific diseases to authorities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common intervention for communicable diseases?

Improving air quality for prevention Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disease Patterns & Health Problems in Malaysia

The presentation focuses on disease patterns and health issues in Malaysia.
The presenter, Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood, PhD, RPh, from the Faculty of Pharmacy, UKM, provides insights.

Communicable & Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)

Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or their toxins.
These diseases spread directly or indirectly between people, or from animals to people (zoonotic diseases).
Spread can occur through airborne particles, blood, or other bodily fluids.
Infectious and contagious are terms used to describe communicable diseases.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not spread from person to person.
They are generally long-lasting and progress slowly.
Examples of NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD, asthma), and diabetes.

Examples of Communicable Diseases

Malaria
Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS

Top 5 Principal Causes of Death in Malaysia (2021)

Detailed statistics on the top 10 causes of death in 2020 are presented in a separate slide

Communicable Diseases (Food and Waterborne Diseases)

Cholera (Taun): An acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae ingestion.
It can be fatal if left untreated. Causes are related to water quality, food preparation, and poor sanitation. Treatment includes hydration and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone).
Typhoid (demam kepialu): A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi. Characterized by fever, and spread via contaminated water and food. Treatment involves hydration and antibiotics.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease, primarily affecting lungs, that spreads through droplets from infected persons.
Individuals with active TB can spread the disease. Symptoms can include coughing (sometimes with blood), chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Important high-risk groups include TB contacts, immunocompromised individuals, smokers, and those in overcrowded environments.
The disease can be treated with a six-month course of antibiotics. Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) is recommended for better adherence rates.

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a significant public health concern in Malaysia.
Incidence rates have shown a downward trend. The disease is transmitted through various means including sharing of needles and sexual contact.
HIV is curable.

Leprosy

Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
There is a slow incubation period (5+ years), and symptoms can take up to 20 years to appear.
The disease primarily affects the skin, nervous system and upper respiratory tract.
It's treated with a multi-drug therapy for a defined period of time, with different treatment durations depending on whether the patient has paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB) leprosy.

Other Communicable Diseases (Vector-borne, and Others)

Diseases like malaria, dengue fever, filariasis, and chikungunya are discussed.
These diseases are shown to be vector-borne, and are geographically concentrated.

Ten Principal Causes of Hospitalization & Death (MOH)

Data on leading causes of hospitalization and death in MOH hospitals in 2022 is provided.
This includes respiratory diseases, certain infectious diseases, injuries and poisonings etc.

Causes of Death

About 50% of deaths in Malaysia don't receive hospital certification.
Many cases are linked to old age, occurring at home
Malignant diseases (cancer) are a major cause, linked to an aging population

National Immunization Programme

Vaccination schedules, compliance data, and coverage for various childhood diseases are presented.
Specific vaccines mentioned include BCG, Hepatitis B, DPT, Oral Polio, and MMR, and each is detailed.

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Description

Explore the disease patterns and health problems prevalent in Malaysia, presented by Dr. Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood from the Faculty of Pharmacy, UKM. This quiz delves into both communicable and non-communicable diseases, highlighting their characteristics and examples. Test your knowledge on how these diseases affect public health.