ADHD
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Questions and Answers

Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, primarily manifesting as emotional symptoms?

  • a. Externalizing disorders (correct)
  • d. Oppositional Defiance Disorder
  • c. Internalizing disorders
  • b. Conduct disorders

    • Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?

  • Oppositional Defiance Disorder
  • ADHD
  • Conduct Disorder
  • Childhood Anxiety and Depression Disorders (correct)

    • What are the primary symptoms of internalizing disorders?

  • Sensory symptoms
  • Emotional symptoms (correct)
  • Behavioral symptoms
  • Cognitive symptoms

    • Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed outwards, primarily manifesting as behavioral symptoms?

    <p>Externalizing disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an externalising disorder?

    <p>Oppositional Defiance Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?

    <p>Behavioural symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with more formally describing ADHD in 1902, with a focus on 'inhibitory volition' and 'moral control'?

    <p>George Still</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was used in the 1920s - 1960s to describe a disorder involving inattention and impulsivity, which was thought to be due to neurological dysfunction?

    <p>Minimal Brain Dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the German physician who described a disorder of childhood hyperactivity in a poem about 'fidgety Phil who couldn't sit still' as early as 1865?

    <p>Hoffman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three key features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common behavior associated with individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Failing to give close attention to details and making careless mistakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?

    <p>Frequent distractions and forgetfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior that can lead to difficulties in completing tasks for individuals with ADHD?

    <p>Failing to follow through on instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?

    <p>Difficulty organizing activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior associated with individuals who have ADHD?

    <p>Frequently avoiding or disliking activities requiring sustained attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors is a key feature of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD?

    <p>Fidgeting and leaving seats in required settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is a characteristic of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD, as outlined in the key features, that involves excessive physical movement in inappropriate situations?

    <p>Running about excessively in inappropriate situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is related to impulsive/hyperactive criteria in the context of ADHD?

    <p>Engaging in lengthy and unnecessary conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior associated with impulsivity in individuals with ADHD, as defined by the key features, that involves difficulty waiting for one's turn?

    <p>Frequently interrupting others and struggling to wait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, how many symptoms must persist for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level for a diagnosis in children?

    <p>d. 6 or more symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5 criteria, what is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made?

    <p>c. Clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to meet the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, the symptoms must be present in at least how many settings?

    <p>b. Two settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5 criteria, at what age must the onset of at least some symptoms of ADHD occur to meet the diagnostic criteria?

    <p>d. Age 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of ADHD, as defined in the DSM-5, is characterized by having 6 or more Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms and fewer than 6 Inattentive symptoms?

    <p>a. ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criteria for the ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, according to the DSM-5?

    <p>b. 6 or more Inattentive symptoms and fewer than 6 Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5, which subtype of ADHD requires the presence of 6 or more symptoms of both Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Inattention?

    <p>ADHD Combined Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must the symptoms be present to meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD subtypes, as per the DSM-5?

    <p>At least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, which subtype of ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents?

    <p>Hyperactive-Impulsive or Combined Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of children is estimated to be affected by ADHD, according to McKeown (2015)?

    <p>b. 5 - 9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is ADHD more likely to be diagnosed in the United States compared to other countries?

    <p>a. Yes, ADHD is diagnosed more frequently in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument is presented for the potential differences in ADHD diagnosis rates in different cultures?

    <p>c. Cultural factors and the pathologizing of normal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what happens to the rates of ADHD as diagnostic criteria and procedures improve?

    <p>Rates of ADHD become more similar across regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender difference in ADHD prevalence, as indicated by the information?

    <p>Boys are diagnosed at least 2 to 1 compared to girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence of possible gender differences in symptom expression in individuals with ADHD, as mentioned in the provided information?

    <p>Girls with ADHD show less hyperactivity and more inattention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of individuals with ADHD in clinical samples are reported to have externalizing disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

    <p>c. About 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Barkley (2006), what is one of the comorbidities associated with ADHD?

    <p>b. Learning disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Up to what percentage of adults with ADHD are reported to have comorbid substance abuse and dependence?

    <p>c. Up to 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a comorbidity associated with ADHD that falls under the category of internalizing disorders?

    <p>Depression and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of social challenges are individuals with ADHD likely to experience?

    <p>They are unpopular and have interpersonal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common comorbidity associated with ADHD that involves mood swings and extreme changes in behavior?

    <p>Bipolar Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what are some of the difficulties individuals with ADHD tend to face?

    <p>They tend to have difficulties with emotional regulation, reward sensitivity, and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge for children with ADHD, as indicated in the provided information?

    <p>They tend to make many social errors despite being sociable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Whalen and Henker (1996), how do individuals with ADHD typically relate to social rules?

    <p>c. They appreciate social rules in the abstract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are individuals with ADHD often identified, according to the information provided?

    <p>c. Early childhood (4-5 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the early signs of ADHD in young children, as described in Conners et al. (2001)?

    <p>d. High levels of activity, disrupted sleep patterns, oppositional behavior, and slow toilet training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about symptoms of ADHD with maturation?

    <p>Symptoms diminish with maturation for some individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children with ADHD continue to experience problems associated with the disorder into adolescence and adulthood, according to McGough (2005)?

    <p>About 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the symptom picture of ADHD typically change with maturation, as mentioned in the provided information?

    <p>Less hyperactivity and disinhibition, but ongoing inattention is observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Barkley (2006), what risks are teenagers with ADHD at an increased risk for?

    <p>Speeding tickets, car accidents, unplanned pregnancy, and STDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the mentioned psychological theories for ADHD had little compelling empirical evidence to support them?

    <p>All of the theories had little compelling empirical evidence to support them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is one of the key biological theories for ADHD?

    <p>Genetic transmission of ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relatives of children with ADHD typically have __________ rates of ADHD compared to the general population, according to Smalley et al. (2000).

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of concordance between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins in terms of ADHD, as mentioned by Levy & Hay (2001)?

    <p>Monozygotic twins are more concordant than dizygotic twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the role of genetics in ADHD transmission?

    <p>When one parent has ADHD, around 50% of their children also have ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is associated with abnormal structure and function in individuals with ADHD?

    <p>c. The fronto-striatal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of ADHD kids in terms of their executive function tasks?

    <p>b. They are most impaired on tasks mediated by the frontal lobes and fronto-striatal structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal ganglia in ADHD, as indicated by Hart et al. (2013)?

    <p>c. The basal ganglia is involved in the dopamine system and is associated with ADHD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the frontal lobes in individuals with ADHD, according to the information provided?

    <p>c. Frontal lobes are smaller and have reduced blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter system is targeted by medications like Amphetamine and Ritalin, and how do they relate to ADHD treatment, according to the information provided?

    <p>c. They target the dopamine system and increase the availability of dopamine at the synapse, leading to improved ADHD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor has been linked to a three-fold increased risk of ADHD, as indicated by Millberger et al. (1996)?

    <p>b. Maternal smoking during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what factors have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD, besides maternal smoking during pregnancy?

    <p>d. Maternal alcohol abuse, low birth weight, and lead exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Feingold suggest in 1975 regarding ADHD?

    <p>c. Feingold suggested a link between certain food additives and ADHD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to well-controlled studies, what is the efficacy of the Feingold diet in reducing ADHD symptoms?

    <p>d. The Feingold diet demonstrated inefficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered as evidence for ADHD?

    <p>Structural brain changes, neuropsychological deficits and differences in brain functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can ADHD be solely diagnosed through neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests?

    <p>No, a psychological evaluation is also necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of individual findings in the diagnosis of ADHD?

    <p>They are essential, as they are compared to group-level findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is associated with hypoarousal in ADHD, as indicated by neuroimaging studies?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of deficits are typically assessed in neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD?

    <p>Working memory and executive function deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?

    <p>Behavioral symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

    • Internalizing disorders are characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, mainly manifesting as emotional symptoms.
    • Examples of internalizing disorders include depression and anxiety.
    • Primary symptoms of internalizing disorders often encompass feelings of sadness, withdrawal, and anxiety.
    • Externalizing disorders are characterized by psychopathology directed outwards, primarily manifesting as behavioral symptoms.
    • Examples of externalizing disorders include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder.
    • Externalizing disorders are primarily characterized by outwardly directed behaviors, such as aggression and rule-breaking.

    Historical Context of ADHD

    • ADHD was formally described in 1902 by Sir George Frederick Still, focusing on 'inhibitory volition' and 'moral control'.
    • The term "Minimal Brain Dysfunction" was used during the 1920s to 1960s to describe disorders involving inattention and impulsivity related to neurological dysfunction.
    • In 1865, German physician Heinrich Hoffmann depicted childhood hyperactivity in his poem about ‘Fidgety Phil.’

    Key Features of ADHD

    • ADHD includes three key features: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
    • Common behaviors in individuals with ADHD include difficulty sustaining attention, excessive talking, and trouble waiting for their turn.
    • Inattention in ADHD is marked by distractibility and careless mistakes, while hyperactivity involves excessive movement and restlessness.

    DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD

    • A diagnosis of ADHD in children requires at least six symptoms to persist for a minimum of six months and be maladaptive relative to developmental level.
    • Symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., home and school).
    • Onset of symptoms must occur before the age of 12.
    • ADHD has three subtypes: Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, Predominantly Inattentive, and Combined Presentation.
    • The Combined Presentation subtype requires at least six symptoms of both Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity.
    • ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type is characterized by fewer than six Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms.

    Prevalence and Diagnosis of ADHD

    • ADHD is estimated to affect approximately 5-10% of children.
    • The disorder is diagnosed more frequently in the United States compared to other countries—potentially due to cultural perceptions and differences in diagnostic criteria.
    • Rates of ADHD diagnosis may rise with improved awareness and procedural standards.
    • Gender differences indicate that ADHD is more prevalent in males than females.

    Comorbidities and Social Impact

    • Approximately 50% of individuals with ADHD have externalizing disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
    • One common comorbidity is mood disorders, and about 25% of adults with ADHD face substance abuse issues.
    • Social challenges include difficulties with peer relationships, impulsive behavior leading to conflicts, and issues following social rules.

    Developmental Aspects of ADHD

    • ADHD is typically identified in children, with early signs appearing as distractibility and impulsive behaviors.
    • Around 60-70% of children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
    • The symptom presentation may evolve with maturation, with hyperactivity often decreasing and inattention persisting.
    • Teenagers with ADHD face heightened risks for accidents, substance use, and legal troubles.

    Biological and Genetic Factors

    • ADHD has significant genetic underpinnings; relatives of affected children show increased ADHD rates.
    • Concordance rates for ADHD are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins.
    • Neuroimaging studies highlight abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia of individuals with ADHD.
    • Common executive function tasks in ADHD children show deficits, particularly in planning and organization.
    • Medications for ADHD target the dopamine system, particularly through drugs like Amphetamine and Ritalin.

    Environmental Influences

    • Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to a three-fold increased risk of ADHD.
    • Feingold suggested a connection between diet and ADHD symptoms, though well-controlled studies show limited efficacy of dietary interventions in symptom reduction.
    • ADHD cannot be diagnosed solely through neuroimaging or neuropsychological assessments; a comprehensive evaluation is necessary.

    Diagnostic Considerations

    • Symptoms in ADHD must align with developmental expectations and not solely depend on individual findings for diagnosis.
    • Hypoarousal in ADHD is associated with specific brain regions, indicated by neuroimaging studies focused on executive functioning evaluations.

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    Test your knowledge on different types of disorders and their characteristics with this quiz. Learn about internalizing disorders and how they are characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, primarily manifesting as emotional symptoms.

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