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Questions and Answers
Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, primarily manifesting as emotional symptoms?
Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, primarily manifesting as emotional symptoms?
- a. Externalizing disorders (correct)
- d. Oppositional Defiance Disorder
- c. Internalizing disorders
- b. Conduct disorders
Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?
Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?
- Oppositional Defiance Disorder
- ADHD
- Conduct Disorder
- Childhood Anxiety and Depression Disorders (correct)
What are the primary symptoms of internalizing disorders?
What are the primary symptoms of internalizing disorders?
- Sensory symptoms
- Emotional symptoms (correct)
- Behavioral symptoms
- Cognitive symptoms
Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed outwards, primarily manifesting as behavioral symptoms?
Which type of disorder is characterized by psychopathology directed outwards, primarily manifesting as behavioral symptoms?
Which of the following is an example of an externalising disorder?
Which of the following is an example of an externalising disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?
What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?
Who is credited with more formally describing ADHD in 1902, with a focus on 'inhibitory volition' and 'moral control'?
Who is credited with more formally describing ADHD in 1902, with a focus on 'inhibitory volition' and 'moral control'?
What term was used in the 1920s - 1960s to describe a disorder involving inattention and impulsivity, which was thought to be due to neurological dysfunction?
What term was used in the 1920s - 1960s to describe a disorder involving inattention and impulsivity, which was thought to be due to neurological dysfunction?
Who was the German physician who described a disorder of childhood hyperactivity in a poem about 'fidgety Phil who couldn't sit still' as early as 1865?
Who was the German physician who described a disorder of childhood hyperactivity in a poem about 'fidgety Phil who couldn't sit still' as early as 1865?
What are the three key features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
What are the three key features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Which of the following is a common behavior associated with individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Which of the following is a common behavior associated with individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
What is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?
What is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?
What is a common behavior that can lead to difficulties in completing tasks for individuals with ADHD?
What is a common behavior that can lead to difficulties in completing tasks for individuals with ADHD?
Which of the following is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?
Which of the following is a key feature of inattention in individuals with ADHD?
What is a common behavior associated with individuals who have ADHD?
What is a common behavior associated with individuals who have ADHD?
Which of the following behaviors is a key feature of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD?
Which of the following behaviors is a key feature of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD?
Which behavior is a characteristic of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD, as outlined in the key features, that involves excessive physical movement in inappropriate situations?
Which behavior is a characteristic of hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD, as outlined in the key features, that involves excessive physical movement in inappropriate situations?
What behavior is related to impulsive/hyperactive criteria in the context of ADHD?
What behavior is related to impulsive/hyperactive criteria in the context of ADHD?
What is a common behavior associated with impulsivity in individuals with ADHD, as defined by the key features, that involves difficulty waiting for one's turn?
What is a common behavior associated with impulsivity in individuals with ADHD, as defined by the key features, that involves difficulty waiting for one's turn?
According to the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, how many symptoms must persist for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level for a diagnosis in children?
According to the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, how many symptoms must persist for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level for a diagnosis in children?
According to the DSM-5 criteria, what is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made?
According to the DSM-5 criteria, what is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made?
In order to meet the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, the symptoms must be present in at least how many settings?
In order to meet the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, the symptoms must be present in at least how many settings?
According to the DSM-5 criteria, at what age must the onset of at least some symptoms of ADHD occur to meet the diagnostic criteria?
According to the DSM-5 criteria, at what age must the onset of at least some symptoms of ADHD occur to meet the diagnostic criteria?
Which subtype of ADHD, as defined in the DSM-5, is characterized by having 6 or more Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms and fewer than 6 Inattentive symptoms?
Which subtype of ADHD, as defined in the DSM-5, is characterized by having 6 or more Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms and fewer than 6 Inattentive symptoms?
What is the criteria for the ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, according to the DSM-5?
What is the criteria for the ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, according to the DSM-5?
According to the DSM-5, which subtype of ADHD requires the presence of 6 or more symptoms of both Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Inattention?
According to the DSM-5, which subtype of ADHD requires the presence of 6 or more symptoms of both Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Inattention?
How long must the symptoms be present to meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD subtypes, as per the DSM-5?
How long must the symptoms be present to meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD subtypes, as per the DSM-5?
According to the provided information, which subtype of ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents?
According to the provided information, which subtype of ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents?
Approximately what percentage of children is estimated to be affected by ADHD, according to McKeown (2015)?
Approximately what percentage of children is estimated to be affected by ADHD, according to McKeown (2015)?
Is ADHD more likely to be diagnosed in the United States compared to other countries?
Is ADHD more likely to be diagnosed in the United States compared to other countries?
What argument is presented for the potential differences in ADHD diagnosis rates in different cultures?
What argument is presented for the potential differences in ADHD diagnosis rates in different cultures?
According to the information provided, what happens to the rates of ADHD as diagnostic criteria and procedures improve?
According to the information provided, what happens to the rates of ADHD as diagnostic criteria and procedures improve?
What is the gender difference in ADHD prevalence, as indicated by the information?
What is the gender difference in ADHD prevalence, as indicated by the information?
What is the evidence of possible gender differences in symptom expression in individuals with ADHD, as mentioned in the provided information?
What is the evidence of possible gender differences in symptom expression in individuals with ADHD, as mentioned in the provided information?
Approximately what percentage of individuals with ADHD in clinical samples are reported to have externalizing disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
Approximately what percentage of individuals with ADHD in clinical samples are reported to have externalizing disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
According to Barkley (2006), what is one of the comorbidities associated with ADHD?
According to Barkley (2006), what is one of the comorbidities associated with ADHD?
Up to what percentage of adults with ADHD are reported to have comorbid substance abuse and dependence?
Up to what percentage of adults with ADHD are reported to have comorbid substance abuse and dependence?
Which of the following is a comorbidity associated with ADHD that falls under the category of internalizing disorders?
Which of the following is a comorbidity associated with ADHD that falls under the category of internalizing disorders?
What kind of social challenges are individuals with ADHD likely to experience?
What kind of social challenges are individuals with ADHD likely to experience?
Which of the following is a common comorbidity associated with ADHD that involves mood swings and extreme changes in behavior?
Which of the following is a common comorbidity associated with ADHD that involves mood swings and extreme changes in behavior?
According to the information provided, what are some of the difficulties individuals with ADHD tend to face?
According to the information provided, what are some of the difficulties individuals with ADHD tend to face?
What is a common challenge for children with ADHD, as indicated in the provided information?
What is a common challenge for children with ADHD, as indicated in the provided information?
According to Whalen and Henker (1996), how do individuals with ADHD typically relate to social rules?
According to Whalen and Henker (1996), how do individuals with ADHD typically relate to social rules?
At what age are individuals with ADHD often identified, according to the information provided?
At what age are individuals with ADHD often identified, according to the information provided?
What are some of the early signs of ADHD in young children, as described in Conners et al. (2001)?
What are some of the early signs of ADHD in young children, as described in Conners et al. (2001)?
Which of the following statements is true about symptoms of ADHD with maturation?
Which of the following statements is true about symptoms of ADHD with maturation?
What percentage of children with ADHD continue to experience problems associated with the disorder into adolescence and adulthood, according to McGough (2005)?
What percentage of children with ADHD continue to experience problems associated with the disorder into adolescence and adulthood, according to McGough (2005)?
How does the symptom picture of ADHD typically change with maturation, as mentioned in the provided information?
How does the symptom picture of ADHD typically change with maturation, as mentioned in the provided information?
According to Barkley (2006), what risks are teenagers with ADHD at an increased risk for?
According to Barkley (2006), what risks are teenagers with ADHD at an increased risk for?
Which of the mentioned psychological theories for ADHD had little compelling empirical evidence to support them?
Which of the mentioned psychological theories for ADHD had little compelling empirical evidence to support them?
According to the information provided, what is one of the key biological theories for ADHD?
According to the information provided, what is one of the key biological theories for ADHD?
Relatives of children with ADHD typically have __________ rates of ADHD compared to the general population, according to Smalley et al. (2000).
Relatives of children with ADHD typically have __________ rates of ADHD compared to the general population, according to Smalley et al. (2000).
What is the level of concordance between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins in terms of ADHD, as mentioned by Levy & Hay (2001)?
What is the level of concordance between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins in terms of ADHD, as mentioned by Levy & Hay (2001)?
What evidence supports the role of genetics in ADHD transmission?
What evidence supports the role of genetics in ADHD transmission?
Which brain region is associated with abnormal structure and function in individuals with ADHD?
Which brain region is associated with abnormal structure and function in individuals with ADHD?
What is a common characteristic of ADHD kids in terms of their executive function tasks?
What is a common characteristic of ADHD kids in terms of their executive function tasks?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in ADHD, as indicated by Hart et al. (2013)?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in ADHD, as indicated by Hart et al. (2013)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the frontal lobes in individuals with ADHD, according to the information provided?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the frontal lobes in individuals with ADHD, according to the information provided?
What neurotransmitter system is targeted by medications like Amphetamine and Ritalin, and how do they relate to ADHD treatment, according to the information provided?
What neurotransmitter system is targeted by medications like Amphetamine and Ritalin, and how do they relate to ADHD treatment, according to the information provided?
What environmental factor has been linked to a three-fold increased risk of ADHD, as indicated by Millberger et al. (1996)?
What environmental factor has been linked to a three-fold increased risk of ADHD, as indicated by Millberger et al. (1996)?
According to the information provided, what factors have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD, besides maternal smoking during pregnancy?
According to the information provided, what factors have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD, besides maternal smoking during pregnancy?
What did Feingold suggest in 1975 regarding ADHD?
What did Feingold suggest in 1975 regarding ADHD?
According to well-controlled studies, what is the efficacy of the Feingold diet in reducing ADHD symptoms?
According to well-controlled studies, what is the efficacy of the Feingold diet in reducing ADHD symptoms?
Which of the following is considered as evidence for ADHD?
Which of the following is considered as evidence for ADHD?
Can ADHD be solely diagnosed through neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests?
Can ADHD be solely diagnosed through neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests?
What is the role of individual findings in the diagnosis of ADHD?
What is the role of individual findings in the diagnosis of ADHD?
Which part of the brain is associated with hypoarousal in ADHD, as indicated by neuroimaging studies?
Which part of the brain is associated with hypoarousal in ADHD, as indicated by neuroimaging studies?
What kind of deficits are typically assessed in neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD?
What kind of deficits are typically assessed in neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD?
What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?
What is the primary characteristic of externalizing disorders?
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Study Notes
Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders
- Internalizing disorders are characterized by psychopathology directed inwards, mainly manifesting as emotional symptoms.
- Examples of internalizing disorders include depression and anxiety.
- Primary symptoms of internalizing disorders often encompass feelings of sadness, withdrawal, and anxiety.
- Externalizing disorders are characterized by psychopathology directed outwards, primarily manifesting as behavioral symptoms.
- Examples of externalizing disorders include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder.
- Externalizing disorders are primarily characterized by outwardly directed behaviors, such as aggression and rule-breaking.
Historical Context of ADHD
- ADHD was formally described in 1902 by Sir George Frederick Still, focusing on 'inhibitory volition' and 'moral control'.
- The term "Minimal Brain Dysfunction" was used during the 1920s to 1960s to describe disorders involving inattention and impulsivity related to neurological dysfunction.
- In 1865, German physician Heinrich Hoffmann depicted childhood hyperactivity in his poem about ‘Fidgety Phil.’
Key Features of ADHD
- ADHD includes three key features: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Common behaviors in individuals with ADHD include difficulty sustaining attention, excessive talking, and trouble waiting for their turn.
- Inattention in ADHD is marked by distractibility and careless mistakes, while hyperactivity involves excessive movement and restlessness.
DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD
- A diagnosis of ADHD in children requires at least six symptoms to persist for a minimum of six months and be maladaptive relative to developmental level.
- Symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., home and school).
- Onset of symptoms must occur before the age of 12.
- ADHD has three subtypes: Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, Predominantly Inattentive, and Combined Presentation.
- The Combined Presentation subtype requires at least six symptoms of both Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity.
- ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type is characterized by fewer than six Hyperactive-Impulsive symptoms.
Prevalence and Diagnosis of ADHD
- ADHD is estimated to affect approximately 5-10% of children.
- The disorder is diagnosed more frequently in the United States compared to other countries—potentially due to cultural perceptions and differences in diagnostic criteria.
- Rates of ADHD diagnosis may rise with improved awareness and procedural standards.
- Gender differences indicate that ADHD is more prevalent in males than females.
Comorbidities and Social Impact
- Approximately 50% of individuals with ADHD have externalizing disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
- One common comorbidity is mood disorders, and about 25% of adults with ADHD face substance abuse issues.
- Social challenges include difficulties with peer relationships, impulsive behavior leading to conflicts, and issues following social rules.
Developmental Aspects of ADHD
- ADHD is typically identified in children, with early signs appearing as distractibility and impulsive behaviors.
- Around 60-70% of children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
- The symptom presentation may evolve with maturation, with hyperactivity often decreasing and inattention persisting.
- Teenagers with ADHD face heightened risks for accidents, substance use, and legal troubles.
Biological and Genetic Factors
- ADHD has significant genetic underpinnings; relatives of affected children show increased ADHD rates.
- Concordance rates for ADHD are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins.
- Neuroimaging studies highlight abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia of individuals with ADHD.
- Common executive function tasks in ADHD children show deficits, particularly in planning and organization.
- Medications for ADHD target the dopamine system, particularly through drugs like Amphetamine and Ritalin.
Environmental Influences
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to a three-fold increased risk of ADHD.
- Feingold suggested a connection between diet and ADHD symptoms, though well-controlled studies show limited efficacy of dietary interventions in symptom reduction.
- ADHD cannot be diagnosed solely through neuroimaging or neuropsychological assessments; a comprehensive evaluation is necessary.
Diagnostic Considerations
- Symptoms in ADHD must align with developmental expectations and not solely depend on individual findings for diagnosis.
- Hypoarousal in ADHD is associated with specific brain regions, indicated by neuroimaging studies focused on executive functioning evaluations.
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