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Disaccharides Structure and Bonds
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Disaccharides Structure and Bonds

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of human food do carbohydrates represent?

  • 20-30%
  • 30-40%
  • 50-60% (correct)
  • 70-80%
  • Which of the following is a major function of carbohydrates?

  • Cell division
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • Structural components in cells (correct)
  • Production of hormones
  • What is the general name ending for carbohydrates?

    -ose

    All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ have the C=O group in carbon 1 and are aldoses.

    <p>Aldoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haworth projection formulas are:

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is a ketose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hemiacetal is a cyclic structure of a ketose

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the open-chain form of a sugar, which carbon becomes the anomeric carbon in the cyclic form?

    <p>The carbonyl carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A furanose is a sugar that contains a five-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alpha and beta forms of the same sugar are called:

    <p>Anomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycosidic linkages between monosaccharide units may vary based on:

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linear polymers are more water-soluble than branched ones

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Branched polymers have one non-reducing end, and many reducing ends

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Represent 50-60% of human food and are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth
    • Functions:
      • Rapid source of energy
      • Energy storage
      • Structural components in cells and biomolecules
      • Cell surface recognition

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Divided into four major groups:
      • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
      • Disaccharides (two sugars)
      • Oligosaccharides (a few sugars)
      • Polysaccharides (many sugars)

    Monosaccharides

    • Also known as simple sugars
    • Have at least 3 carbons
    • General formula: (CH2O)n
    • Have a carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl groups (-OH)
    • Classified into:
      • Aldoses (C=O at carbon 1)
      • Ketoses (C=O at other carbons)
    • Differ in the number of carbons and hydroxyl groups
    • Can exist as anomers (isomers that differ in the configuration of one carbon)

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by linking two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond
    • Can have different glycosidic bonds
    • Examples:
      • Lactose (milk sugar)
      • Sucrose (table sugar)

    Polysaccharides

    • Long polymer chains of monosaccharides
    • Used for energy storage or structure
    • Can be linear or branched
    • Examples:
      • Starch (energy storage in plants)
      • Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
      • Cellulose (structural component in plants)
      • Chitin (structural component in insects and crustaceans)

    Glycoconjugates

    • Carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins or lipids

    • Examples:

      • Proteoglycans (core protein with covalently attached glycosaminoglycans)
      • Glycoproteins (carbohydrate-protein conjugates with branched oligosaccharides)
      • Glycosphingolipids (sphingolipids with covalently bound oligosaccharides)### Carbohydrate Structures and Functions
    • Starch and glycogen form helical structures with intrachain hydrogen bonding

    • Cellulose and chitin form long, straight strands that interact with neighbouring strands

    Glycoconjugates

    • Glycoconjugates have oligo- or polysaccharides covalently attached to a protein or lipid
    • Exposed on the outside of the plasma membrane
    • Involved in signalling, transport within cells, recognition, and information transfer between cells and the extracellular matrix or parasites

    Monosaccharides and Anomers

    • Haworth projection formulas represent the cyclic form of sugars and show the distinction between alpha and beta anomers
    • Fructose is a ketose
    • A hemiacetal is a cyclic structure of a ketose
    • In the open-chain form of a sugar, the highest numbered chiral centre becomes the anomeric carbon in the cyclic form

    Glycosidic Linkages and Polymers

    • Glycosidic linkages between monosaccharide units vary based on the anomeric form and the -OH group involved
    • Linear polymers are more water-soluble than branched ones
    • Branched polymers have one non-reducing end and many reducing ends
    • Amylopectin and glycogen have a high degree of alpha(1-6) branching linkages

    Glycoproteins and Biological Roles

    • Glycoproteins are proteins covalently bound to sugars
    • Carbohydrates play various roles in biology, including cell-cell communication, energy storage, and structural elements in cell walls

    Specific Carbohydrates and Their Roles

    • Cellulose: most abundant organic substance on earth, structural element in plant cell walls
    • Chitin: exoskeleton structure in insects
    • Glycogen: energy storage in animals, extensively branched
    • Starch: energy storage in plants, less branched than glycogen
    • Sucrose: not the most abundant organic substance on earth

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and types of glycosidic bonds in disaccharides, including lactose, and their reducing and non-reducing ends.

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