Disaccharides in Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of liver glycogen?

  • To synthesize ATP during fasting
  • To serve as a fuel reserve for muscle contraction
  • To store glucose in plants
  • To maintain blood glucose levels (correct)

    • What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

  • Glycogen has more α-1,4 linkages, while amylopectin has more α-1,6 linkages
  • Glycogen is a homopolymer of glucose, while amylopectin is a heteropolymer
  • Glycogen has more branching points, while amylopectin has fewer branching points (correct)
  • Glycogen is found only in animals, while amylopectin is found only in plants

    • What is the ratio of glycogen in muscle to glycogen in liver?

  • 2:1
  • 1:3
  • 1:1
  • 3:1 (correct)

    • What is the storage form of glucose in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds link glucose units in glycogen?

    <p>α-1,4 glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term often used to refer to glycogen?

    <p>Animal starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed at the branch points in glycogen?

    <p>Alpha-1,6 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monomer unit of cellulose?

    <p>Beta glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds in glycogen?

    <p>The location of the bond in the glycogen molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inulin in plants?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cellulose and chitin?

    <p>The location in the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular structure of glycogen?

    <p>A branched chain of glucose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in animals?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are present in cellulose?

    <p>β-1,4-glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chitin in insects?

    <p>Protection and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellulose indigestible to humans?

    <p>Because humans cannot break down β-1,4-glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monomer unit of chitin?

    <p>N-acetylglucosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microorganisms in the gut of ruminant animals?

    <p>They break down cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of chitin in insects?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glycosidic bonds are present in chitin?

    <p>β-1,4-glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the breakdown of cellulose occur in humans?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a reducing sugar?

    <p>Possessing a free anomeric carbon not involved in a glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides has no reducing properties?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an oligosaccharide?

    <p>A saccharide polymer containing a small number of simple sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

    <p>Dextrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of glycosidic bond found in maltose?

    <p>α- (1→4) glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of reducing sugars?

    <p>They reduce Benedicts solution and Fehlings solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>It has no reducing properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of oligosaccharides in ABO blood type specificity?

    <p>They are responsible for the ABO blood type specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of polysaccharides that distinguishes them from monosaccharides?

    <p>They are composed of more than 10 monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for polysaccharides composed of a single monosaccharide building block?

    <p>Homopolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is a structural element in the exoskeletons of insects?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of amylopectin in starch?

    <p>80-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are present between glucose units in amylopectin?

    <p>α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of starch in plants?

    <p>Storage form of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amylose?

    <p>Long unbranched chain of glucose units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between starch and glycogen in terms of branching?

    <p>Starch has a much lower degree of branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides with a glycosidic linkage.
    • Examples of disaccharides include:
      • Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
      • Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
      • Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
    • Sucrose has no reducing properties due to the lack of a free anomeric carbon.

    Reducing Sugars

    • Reducing sugars are capable of reducing Benedict's solution, which is an alkaline cupric solution.
    • A sugar is a reducing sugar if it possesses a free anomeric carbon.
    • Examples of reducing sugars include:
      • All monosaccharides
      • Disaccharides: maltose, lactose
    • Examples of non-reducing sugars include:
      • Sucrose

    Oligosaccharides

    • Oligosaccharides are saccharide polymers containing a small number (typically three to ten) of simple sugars (monosaccharides).
    • Examples of oligosaccharides include:
      • Maltotriose (3 glucose units, α-1,4 linkage)
      • Dextrin (6-8 glucose units)
    • Oligosaccharides also occur in glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are proteins and lipids to which oligosaccharides are covalently attached.

    Polysaccharides

    • Polysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers composed of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked together.
    • Polysaccharides are insoluble in water.
    • Polysaccharides can be polymers of hexose or pentose sugars.
    • Homopolysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, while heteropolysaccharides are composed of more than one type of monosaccharide.
    • Polysaccharides can be linear or branched polymers.
    • Examples of homopolysaccharides include:
      • Starch (storage form of glucose in plants)
      • Glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals)
      • Cellulose (structural element of plants)
      • Chitin (structural element in the exoskeletons of insects)
      • Inulin (found in roots of some plants)

    Starch

    • Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants composed of alpha glucose.
    • Its structure is identical to glycogen, except for a much lower degree of branching (every 20-30 residues).
    • Starch consists of two types of molecules:
      • Unbranched chains called amylose (15-20%)
      • Branched chains called amylopectin (80-85%)
    • Amylose is a continuous, unbranched chain of glucose units linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
    • Amylopectin is a branched-chain polysaccharide with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds between the glucose units and α-1,6 bonds to branches.

    Glycogen

    • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
    • It is stored in the liver and muscle.
    • Glycogen is a homopolymer of glucose in α-1,4 linkage.
    • It is highly branched, with α-1,6 branch linkages occurring every 8-11 residues.
    • Glycogen has the same overall structure as amylopectin but with more branching in the molecule.
    • Glycogen is a very compact structure that results from the coiling of the polymer chains.

    Structural Polysaccharides

    • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants composed of beta glucose units.
    • It is a major constituent of plant cell walls and provides structure and support.
    • Cellulose is indigestible to humans because it cannot be broken down by human enzymes.
    • Chitin is a structural polysaccharide in the exoskeletons of insects, providing protection and support.
    • It is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine units linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
    • Inulin is a structural polysaccharide found in the roots of some plants.

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    Description

    Learn about disaccharides, a type of carbohydrate formed by two simple sugars joined together. This quiz covers maltose, sucrose, and lactose, including their composition and properties.

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