Carbohydrates: Aldose-Ketose and Disaccharides
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Questions and Answers

What type of isomers are Aldose-Ketose isomers?

  • Structural isomers
  • Geometric isomers
  • Stereoisomers
  • Functional group isomers (correct)

    • Aldose-Ketose isomers have different carbon skeletons.

    False

    What do Aldose-Ketose isomers differ in?

    Their functional groups (aldehyde and ketone).

    Aldose-Ketose isomers specifically involve the functional groups of __________ and __________.

    <p>aldehyde, ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their descriptions:

    <p>Aldose = Contains an aldehyde group Ketose = Contains a ketone group Isomers = Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures Functional Group = Specific atoms or groups that determine the chemical properties of a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-reducing disaccharide?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All disaccharides are reducing sugars.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of reducing disaccharide.

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a reducing disaccharide is __________.

    <p>maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of disaccharide with its characteristic:

    <p>Reducing = Can donate electrons in a chemical reaction Non-reducing = Does not have free aldehyde or ketone groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a nucleoside?

    <p>A sugar combined with a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac glycosides are solely composed of sugars.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common example of a cardiac glycoside.

    <p>Digitalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A glycoside consists of a sugar plus an aglycone, which can be a __________.

    <p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Nucleoside = A sugar and a nitrogenous base Cardiac glycoside = Sugar plus steroid aglycone Digitalis = A specific cardiac glycoside Aglycone = The non-sugar part of a glycoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key requirement when connecting anomeric carbons of two sugars?

    <p>One sugar's anomeric carbon must connect to another's non-anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anomeric carbons must be free in order to connect two sugars.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if both sugars have free anomeric carbons?

    <p>They cannot connect effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When connecting two sugars, the connection is made from the anomeric carbon of one sugar to the non-anomeric carbon of the ______.

    <p>other sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Anomeric Carbon = A carbon atom that is part of a hemiacetal or acetal Glycosidic Bond = A type of covalent bond that links sugar molecules Disaccharide = A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides Monosaccharide = The simplest form of carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the replacement of hyaluronic acid by dermatan sulfate in synovial fluid?

    <p>It reduces lubrication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hyaluronidase enzyme hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid in connective tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hyaluronidase enzyme in connective tissue?

    <p>It hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to the replacement of hyaluronic acid by ______ in synovial fluid, dermatan is not a good lubricant.

    <p>dermatan sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Hyaluronic Acid = Good lubricant in synovial fluid Dermatan Sulfate = Poor lubricant Hyaluronidase = Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aldose-Ketose Isomers

    • Aldose-ketose isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, carbon skeleton, and substituent group position but differ in their functional groups (aldehyde or ketone).
    • Examples include glycosides such as nucleosides (ribose or deoxyribose + nitrogenous base) and cardiac glycoside (sugar + steroid).

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides can be classified into two types: reducing and non-reducing.
    • Reducing disaccharides have a free anomeric carbon that can be involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
    • Non-reducing disaccharides lack a free anomeric carbon as both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic bond.

    Anomeric Carbon

    • The anomeric carbon of a sugar can be linked to the anomeric carbon of another sugar, forming a disaccharide.
    • In a reducing disaccharide, one anomeric carbon remains free, allowing it to be oxidized.
    • In a non-reducing disaccharide, both anomeric carbons are linked, preventing oxidation.

    Hyaluronic Acid and Dermatan Sulfate

    • Hyaluronic acid is a major component of synovial fluid, contributing to its lubricating properties.
    • Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan found in connective tissue.
    • Replacement of hyaluronic acid with dermatan sulfate in synovial fluid reduces lubrication efficiency..

    Hyaluronidase Enzyme

    • Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid in connective tissue.
    • This enzyme is also known as the spreading factor because it can break down hyaluronic acid, increasing the permeability of tissues.

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    Carbohydrate Chemistry PDF 2025

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of aldose-ketose isomers, disaccharides, and the role of the anomeric carbon in carbohydrate chemistry. It highlights the differences between reducing and non-reducing disaccharides and their chemical properties. Test your knowledge on these essential carbohydrate structures and their functions.

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