Disability Models and Health
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Questions and Answers

According to the International Coaching Federation (ICF), which of the following best describes 'activity limitation'?

  • A problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.
  • Difficulties encountered by an individual in executing a task or action. (correct)
  • Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
  • Abnormalities of body structure and system function resulting from any cause.

    • Which of the following statements best reflects the World Health Organization's (WHO) perspective on disability?

  • Disability is primarily a medical issue requiring diagnosis and treatment to restore function.
  • Disability stems from impairments and limitations.
  • Disability is a human rights issue, where individuals are disabled more by societal barriers than by their physical or mental conditions. (correct)
  • Disability should be categorized based on symptoms and characteristics.

    • What is the primary emphasis of health promotion efforts for individuals without disabilities, compared to individuals with disabilities?

  • Focus on preventing all causes of mortality.
  • Greater focus on disability prevention, equating disability with poor health. (correct)
  • Equivalent emphasis on promoting overall health and well-being.
  • Prioritizing curative treatments over preventative measures.

    • Which action exemplifies the use of respectful language and actions when interacting with people who have disabilities?

    <p>Using person-first language (e.g., 'a person with a disability'). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Gainforth study, which character evaluation resulted in the most positive rating?

    <p>A character described as independent and an exerciser. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of ableism?

    <p>Assuming that all buildings are accessible if they have a wheelchair ramp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is a critical component of inclusive physical activity?

    <p>Ensuring equal opportunity, options, decision making, and meaningful participation for all individuals, regardless of ability or age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of capability shifting in the context of inclusive physical activity?

    <p>Altering individual's skill level, task requirements, or contextual factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Inclusive Model of Ability, what is an example of a facilitator?

    <p>Child's desire to be active (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of simulations designed to provide insight into the experience of disability?

    <p>They often invoke empathy or pity rather than acceptance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a current challenge related to inclusion and ableism?

    <p>A lack of academic and physical education outcomes for many children with disabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a context-related barrier to inclusive physical activity?

    <p>Attitudinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of assessment, when is the assessment process considered to be ongoing?

    <p>Continuously, to support decision-making about individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Individual Program Plan (IPP)?

    <p>To plan and communicate strengths, needs, and progress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Asperger's syndrome?

    <p>Develops language, has normal to high intelligence, and may have ADD/OCD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Medical Model of Disability

    A model that views disability as a deficiency needing diagnosis and treatment.

    Social Model of Disability

    A model that sees disability as a social issue and aims to empower individuals.

    International Coaching Federation (ICF)

    An umbrella term for impairment, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.

    Impairment

    Abnormalities in body structure or function due to any cause.

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    Participation Restriction

    Problems an individual faces in involvement in life situations.

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    Ableism

    Negative attitudes and discrimination towards people with disabilities.

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    Inclusive Physical Activity

    Programs that provide accessible activities for all individuals across the lifespan.

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    Individual Program Plan (IPP)

    A plan that outlines services and tracking progress for individuals with disabilities.

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    Autism Spectrum Disorder

    Developmental disability affecting social communication and behavior.

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    Stereotypes

    Oversimplified beliefs about people, often leading to discrimination.

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    Barriers

    Obstacles preventing individuals with disabilities from full participation.

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    Facilitators

    Factors that enable individuals with disabilities to engage and participate.

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    Person-First Language

    Language that emphasizes the individual, not the disability.

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    Test Validity

    How accurately a test measures what it intends to assess.

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    Assessment

    Ongoing process of collecting data to make decisions regarding individuals.

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    Study Notes

    Disability Models

    • Medical Model: Focuses on the individual's impairment, aiming to diagnose and fix the deficiency. It disregards environmental factors.
    • Social Model: Emphasizes the social consequences of disability, aiming to empower individuals to overcome limitations. It ignores personal experience and categorizes based on cause, symptoms, and characteristics.
    • International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): Shifts focus from disability to health and functioning, including all individuals. Disability is viewed as a human right issue.
    • Handicap: Disadvantages experienced by individuals due to impairments or disabilities resulting from interaction with the environment.

    Health and Disability

    • Individuals with disabilities often have poorer health and higher chronic condition rates compared to the general population.
    • Social participation in health events and education is lower, and health behaviors are less optimal for this group.
    • Health promotion efforts for individuals with disabilities are often not emphasized and disability is sometimes equated with poor health or caused by neglecting health practices.

    Respectful Language and Actions

    • Person-first language: "Person with a disability" rather than "disabled person."
    • Involve everyone: Use appropriate greetings for various needs (e.g., visual, hearing impairments). Be mindful of touching or leaning on individuals in wheelchairs.

    Ableism and Stereotypes

    • Ableist behaviors: Devalue and limit potential of persons with disabilities, viewing disability as a defect rather than a difference.
    • Stereotypes: Negative attitudes, assumptions and stigma regarding people with disabilities.
    • Gainforth study: Evaluated stereotypes associated with competence, physical ability, and warmth.
    • Common ableist behaviors: Using language that devalues disabilities, assuming bodily autonomy is not granted, assuming cause of disability known, etc.

    Inclusive Physical Activity

    • Definition: Programs accessible to all individuals (with and without disabilities) across the lifespan.
    • Factors influencing capability: Individual (mental, sensory, physical function), Context (technology, support, attitudes, policies), Task (complexity, speed, skill type).
    • Practitioner needs: Ability to modify plans to meet diverse needs and be accepting of variations.
    • Participant benefits: Increased respect, self-awareness, experience, community, value.
    • Practitioner benefits: Awareness of differences, changed perspectives, broadened strategies.

    Inclusive Model of Ability in Physical Education

    • Barriers: Lack of knowledge/skills, negative attitudes, inadequate facilities, cost.
    • Facilitators: Child's desire to be active, support from peers and family, accessible facilities, skilled staff.

    Assessment

    • Formal assessment: Designed to give consistent results across administrations.
    • Informal assessment: Monitors progress without strict guidelines.
    • Goals: Screening, support decisions, planning, instruction.
    • Data collection methods: Interviews, observations, surveys.
    • Norm-referenced tests: Compare individuals to peers.
    • Criterion-referenced tests: Measure against specific criteria

    Individual Program Plan (IPP)

    • Purpose: Plan and communicate strengths, needs, and progress. Outline services, monitoring, and evaluation.
    • Tools: Adaptations, accommodations, and modifications.

    Autism Disorder

    • Definition: Developmental disability affecting social communication, behaviors, and synapses development.
    • DSM-5 Criteria: Social communication (reciprocity, nonverbal, relationship maintenance), restricted/repetitive behaviors (routine adherence, fixated interests, sensory sensitivities).
    • Autism types: Social communication disorder, Asperger's, PDD-NOS, Rett's, CDD.

    Causes of Autism

    • Often attributed to brain development, genetics, pre/perinatal factors, neuroanatomical environments, environmental factors, gut-biome.

    Early signs of Autism

    • Lack of smiles or warmth (6 months), unusual sounds or lack of verbal development (16 months), lacking back-and-forth gestures with impaired ability to connect with others with reduced eye contact and preference for isolation or reduced touch or holding.

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    Description

    Explore the key models of disability including the Medical and Social Model, as well as the ICF framework. Understand how these models impact the health and social participation of individuals with disabilities. This quiz will help you gain insights into the complex relationship between disability and health.

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