26.3 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Accessory Digestive Organs
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Questions and Answers

What symptoms may an individual with faltering liver function experience?

  • Fatigue, weight loss, and nausea (correct)
  • Fatigue, weight gain, and headache
  • Back pain, dizziness, and blurry vision
  • Pain in the left upper quadrant, fever, and sweating

    • How is liver cirrhosis confirmed?

  • By blood tests for liver enzymes
  • Through an MRI of the liver
  • By performing a liver biopsy (correct)
  • Through a CT scan of the liver

    • What is a common complication of advanced liver cirrhosis?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Joint pain
  • Muscle weakness
  • Jaundice (correct)

    • What causes ascites in individuals with liver cirrhosis?

    <p>Decreased albumin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does intense itching occur in individuals with liver cirrhosis?

    <p>When bile products are deposited in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is end-stage liver cirrhosis typically treated?

    <p>Through a liver transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of segmentation in the small intestine?

    <p>To mix chyme, accessory digestive organ secretions, and intestinal juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the muscular contractions responsible for segmentation in the small intestine?

    <p>Pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does segmentation differ from peristalsis in terms of movement?

    <p>Segmentation involves back-and-forth mixing, peristalsis involves forward movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the pacemaker cells responsible for initiating segmentation located?

    <p>Between the smooth muscle layers of the muscularis in the small intestine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate do pacemaker cells depolarize in the duodenum compared to the ileum?

    <p>The rate is higher in the duodenum (about 12–14 times per minute) compared to the ileum (about 8–9 times per minute)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrical signals spread through smooth muscle cells during segmentation?

    <p>Via gap junctions to allow single-unit smooth muscle to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hepatic lobule in the liver look like in cross-section?

    <p>A side view of a bicycle wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hepatic sinusoids in the liver lobules?

    <p>Transport blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source provides deoxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of blood volume delivered to the liver by the hepatic portal vein?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein branch into smaller vessels?

    <p>Form components of portal triads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical procedure for the removal of the gallbladder called?

    <p>Cholecystectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function of bile is lost after the gallbladder is removed?

    <p>Storage of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ continues to produce bile even after the removal of the gallbladder?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreas produce and secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Endocrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the pancreas?

    <p>6 to 7 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disorders can have serious effects on the ability to digest and absorb nutrients?

    <p>Pancreatic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gland is the pancreas?

    <p>Endocrine gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells does pancreatic cancer most commonly originate from?

    <p>Exocrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer that can double the risk?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is early detection important for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer?

    <p>It allows for more favorable outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is early detection of pancreatic cancer difficult?

    <p>Lack of a screening test and nonspecific symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the large intestine from its origin to its termination?

    <p>~1.5 meters (~5 feet)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region within the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the small intestine forms approximately three-fifths of its length?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sphincter controls the entry of materials from the small intestine into the large intestine?

    <p>Ileocecal valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption?

    <p>Circular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are macroscopic structures formed by both the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine?

    <p>Circular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the last region of the small intestine?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells contribute to the process of digestion by producing intestinal juice in the small intestine?

    <p>Secretory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mucin produced by goblet cells in the small intestine?

    <p>Lubricating and protecting the intestinal lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the invaginations of the mucosa that secrete intestinal juice located?

    <p>Intestinal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells secrete hormones into the blood in the small intestine?

    <p>Hepatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) in the small intestine?

    <p>Secreting intestinal juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microvilli in the small intestine?

    <p>Projecting into the intestinal lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile in relation to lipid digestion?

    <p>Emulsifying lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is bile stored, concentrated, and released from?

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ has three tunics - inner mucosa, middle muscularis, and external serosa?

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cystic duct connected to the gallbladder?

    <p>Connecting to the common bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bile contribute to lipid digestion in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>By mechanically breaking down lipids into smaller aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure controls the flow of bile into and out of the gallbladder?

    <p>Sphincter valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is the defecation reflex?

    <p>Monosynaptic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is required for conscious regulation of defecation?

    <p>Relaxation of the external anal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the defecation reflex?

    <p>Sensory perception of stretch in the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of constipation according to the text?

    <p>Low fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maneuver is associated with conscious regulation of defecation?

    <p><strong>Valsalva</strong> maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of general anesthesia related to bowel function?

    <p><strong>Constipation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder?

    <p>Cholelithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is NOT associated with the development of gallstones?

    <p>Young age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is typically experienced when a gallstone becomes lodged in the neck of the cystic duct?

    <p>Severe pain (biliary colic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the body may an individual perceive pain if a gallstone lodges in the neck of the cystic duct?

    <p>Right hypochondriac region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a gallstone leaves the gallbladder and enters the biliary apparatus, what term is used to describe this condition?

    <p>Choledocholethiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from women, what other demographic group has a higher prevalence of gallstones?

    <p>Caucasians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark symptom of Crohn disease?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ulcerative colitis, which part of the intestine is primarily affected?

    <p>Rectum and descending colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the intestinal wall is primarily affected by inflammation in Crohn disease?

    <p>Mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Crohn disease from ulcerative colitis in terms of affected regions?

    <p>Crohn disease involves areas of healthy intestine between diseased sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in terms of affected regions?

    <p>Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation in specific areas of the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal disorder is associated with a higher risk of colon cancer?

    <p>Ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

    <p>Crampy abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the United States?

    <p>1 in every five people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can most people control the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

    <p>Reducing stress, changing diet, and using certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive disorder is being studied for treatment using fecal transplants?

    <p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in terms of inflammation location?

    <p>In ulcerative colitis, inflammation is confined to the mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of microvilli in the small intestine?

    <p>Digestion of nutrients immediately before absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are brush border enzymes located in the small intestine?

    <p>Embedded in the microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do villi in the small intestine contribute to absorption?

    <p>By increasing the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a lacteal within a villus?

    <p>Absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the small intestine contains an arteriole, capillaries, and a venule?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the small intestine are villi most numerous and larger?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter located within the ampulla of Vater?

    <p>To regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the relaxation and opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter to allow the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of an adult's body weight does the liver typically constitute?

    <p>Exactly 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located at the porta hepatis of the liver?

    <p>An opening where blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the liver's role in digestion?

    <p>The liver secretes bile that aids in lipid digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is regulated by the hepatopancreatic sphincter located within the ampulla of Vater?

    <p>Release of accessory gland secretions like bile and pancreatic juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pacemaker cells in the small intestine?

    <p>Spread electrical signals via gap junctions for segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the depolarization rate of pacemaker cells differ between the duodenum and ileum?

    <p>Depolarization rate varies depending on the segment of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the small intestine has the most frequent rhythm of muscular contraction for segmentation?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of segmentation in the small intestine?

    <p>Thoroughly mix chyme and digestive secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pacemaker cells contribute to the back-and-forth motion of segmentation?

    <p>Generate electrical signals for muscular contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does segmentation differ from peristalsis in terms of intestinal movement?

    <p>Segmentation pushes content forward, while peristalsis mixes chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

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