26.3 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Accessory Digestive Organs

What symptoms may an individual with faltering liver function experience?

How is liver cirrhosis confirmed?

What is a common complication of advanced liver cirrhosis?

What causes ascites in individuals with liver cirrhosis?

Why does intense itching occur in individuals with liver cirrhosis?

How is end-stage liver cirrhosis typically treated?

What is the function of segmentation in the small intestine?

What initiates the muscular contractions responsible for segmentation in the small intestine?

How does segmentation differ from peristalsis in terms of movement?

Where are the pacemaker cells responsible for initiating segmentation located?

At what rate do pacemaker cells depolarize in the duodenum compared to the ileum?

How do electrical signals spread through smooth muscle cells during segmentation?

What does a hepatic lobule in the liver look like in cross-section?

Which blood vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the liver?

What is the main function of hepatic sinusoids in the liver lobules?

Which source provides deoxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

What is the approximate percentage of blood volume delivered to the liver by the hepatic portal vein?

How do the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein branch into smaller vessels?

What is the surgical procedure for the removal of the gallbladder called?

What function of bile is lost after the gallbladder is removed?

What organ continues to produce bile even after the removal of the gallbladder?

Which cells in the pancreas produce and secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon?

What is the approximate length of the pancreas?

Which type of disorders can have serious effects on the ability to digest and absorb nutrients?

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Which cells does pancreatic cancer most commonly originate from?

What is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer that can double the risk?

Why is early detection important for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer?

Why is early detection of pancreatic cancer difficult?

What is the approximate length of the large intestine from its origin to its termination?

What is the primary region within the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

Which region of the small intestine forms approximately three-fifths of its length?

Which sphincter controls the entry of materials from the small intestine into the large intestine?

What structures in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption?

What are macroscopic structures formed by both the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine?

Which term refers to the last region of the small intestine?

Which type of cells contribute to the process of digestion by producing intestinal juice in the small intestine?

What is the function of mucin produced by goblet cells in the small intestine?

Where are the invaginations of the mucosa that secrete intestinal juice located?

Which type of cells secrete hormones into the blood in the small intestine?

What is the function of intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) in the small intestine?

What is the role of microvilli in the small intestine?

What is the primary function of bile in relation to lipid digestion?

Where is bile stored, concentrated, and released from?

Which organ has three tunics - inner mucosa, middle muscularis, and external serosa?

What is the purpose of the cystic duct connected to the gallbladder?

How does bile contribute to lipid digestion in the gastrointestinal tract?

Which structure controls the flow of bile into and out of the gallbladder?

What type of reflex is the defecation reflex?

Which action is required for conscious regulation of defecation?

What initiates the defecation reflex?

What is a common cause of constipation according to the text?

Which maneuver is associated with conscious regulation of defecation?

What is a common side effect of general anesthesia related to bowel function?

What term is used to describe the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder?

Which risk factor is NOT associated with the development of gallstones?

What symptom is typically experienced when a gallstone becomes lodged in the neck of the cystic duct?

Which region of the body may an individual perceive pain if a gallstone lodges in the neck of the cystic duct?

If a gallstone leaves the gallbladder and enters the biliary apparatus, what term is used to describe this condition?

Apart from women, what other demographic group has a higher prevalence of gallstones?

What is the hallmark symptom of Crohn disease?

In ulcerative colitis, which part of the intestine is primarily affected?

Which layer of the intestinal wall is primarily affected by inflammation in Crohn disease?

What distinguishes Crohn disease from ulcerative colitis in terms of affected regions?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

What distinguishes ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in terms of affected regions?

Which gastrointestinal disorder is associated with a higher risk of colon cancer?

What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

What is the approximate prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the United States?

How can most people control the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Which digestive disorder is being studied for treatment using fecal transplants?

What distinguishes ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in terms of inflammation location?

What is the primary role of microvilli in the small intestine?

Where are brush border enzymes located in the small intestine?

How do villi in the small intestine contribute to absorption?

What is the function of a lacteal within a villus?

Which structure in the small intestine contains an arteriole, capillaries, and a venule?

In which part of the small intestine are villi most numerous and larger?

What is the main function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter located within the ampulla of Vater?

Which hormone stimulates the relaxation and opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter to allow the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

What percentage of an adult's body weight does the liver typically constitute?

What is located at the porta hepatis of the liver?

Which statement accurately describes the liver's role in digestion?

What is regulated by the hepatopancreatic sphincter located within the ampulla of Vater?

What is the role of pacemaker cells in the small intestine?

How does the depolarization rate of pacemaker cells differ between the duodenum and ileum?

Which region of the small intestine has the most frequent rhythm of muscular contraction for segmentation?

What is the primary function of segmentation in the small intestine?

How do pacemaker cells contribute to the back-and-forth motion of segmentation?

In what way does segmentation differ from peristalsis in terms of intestinal movement?