Digestive System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mucosa layer in the intestinal wall?

  • It contains glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
  • It connects with the peritoneum membrane.
  • It facilitates absorption and secretion of substances. (correct)
  • It provides structural support to the digestive tract.

Which of the following best describes the muscularis layer of the intestinal wall?

  • It contains both smooth and striated muscle tissue.
  • It does not play a role in gut movement.
  • It is composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. (correct)
  • It is primarily made up of connective tissue.

What is an incorrect association regarding the serosa layer of the digestive system?

  • It contains glands and lymphatic vessels. (correct)
  • It covers parts of the digestive tract.
  • It connects with the esophagus via the adventitia.
  • It is made of mesothelium and connective tissue.

Which structure is not considered part of the digestive tract?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the enteric nervous system play in the digestive process?

<p>It coordinates muscle contractions and gland secretions in the gut. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

<p>To process ingested food and extract nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract wall is responsible for controlling peristalsis?

<p>Muscular layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the accessory glands involved in digestion?

<p>Gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within the mucosa is primarily involved in absorption?

<p>Epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is linked to the serosa layer of the digestive tract?

<p>Providing a protective outer covering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract contains the epithelium?

<p>Mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the submucosa layer in the digestive tract?

<p>Contains nerves, blood vessels, and glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the muscularis externa layer?

<p>Facilitates peristalsis via smooth muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

<p>Lamina propria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood away from the digestive organs?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the filiform papillae on the tongue?

<p>To manipulate food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae contains taste buds?

<p>Fungiform papillae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protects the tooth from damage?

<p>Enamel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many permanent teeth are present in an adult human?

<p>32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tooth is primarily responsible for sensation?

<p>Pulp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue covers the root of the tooth?

<p>Cementum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is primarily found lining the internal surface of the lips?

<p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of dentin?

<p>Hydroxyapatite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the oral cavity is predominantly covered by keratinized epithelium?

<p>Gingiva (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the periodontal ligament?

<p>To anchor the tooth to the jawbone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which papillae on the tongue have a rough texture due to keratinized epithelium and assist with food manipulation?

<p>Filiform papillae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the muscular arrangement in the tongue?

<p>Movement of food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most likely to develop herpes simplex virus type 1 lesions in the oral cavity?

<p>People experiencing extreme stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is found within the submucosa of the oral cavity?

<p>Loose connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the lips does NOT contain salivary and sweat glands?

<p>Vermilion zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct feature of the vallate papillae?

<p>They are arranged in a V-shaped row at the tongue's posterior end. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides moisture to the mucosa in the oral cavity?

<p>Small salivary glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes taste buds?

<p>Present in vallate and foliate papillae, as well as scattered in fungiform papillae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae is mainly responsible for manipulating food on the tongue?

<p>Filiform papillae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae is located at the back of the tongue in a V-shaped arrangement?

<p>Vallate papillae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds primarily located?

<p>Within the foliate and vallate papillae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of taste buds?

<p>To detect different molecules in food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sulcus terminalis refer to?

<p>A groove in the back of the tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are part of a taste bud's structure?

<p>Gustatory cells, basal cells, and supportive cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows sensory nerves to access taste cells?

<p>Taste pores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae is found primarily on the sides of the tongue near the sulcus terminalis?

<p>Foliate papillae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural feature of the jejunum that maximizes surface area for absorption?

<p>Circular folds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the intestinal wall contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

<p>Submucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to increasing surface area, what role do villi in the jejunum primarily serve?

<p>Enhancing nutrient absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct pair of the muscular layers found in the jejunum?

<p>Inner circular and outer longitudinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component contributes to the mixing and movement of intestinal contents?

<p>Muscular layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tooth is covered by enamel?

<p>Crown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many permanent teeth does a person typically have?

<p>32 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main composition of dentin?

<p>70% hydroxyapatite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do central incisors typically emerge?

<p>7-8 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily makes up the pulp?

<p>Loose mesenchymal connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the apical foramen?

<p>Opening at the tip of the root (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of odontoblasts?

<p>To form dentin and predentin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do microvilli serve in the intestinal epithelium?

<p>They increase the surface area for absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells secretes mucins that protect and lubricate the intestines?

<p>Goblet cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Paneth cells found in the intestinal crypts?

<p>Destroying microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much does the surface area of intestinal microvilli contribute to the overall absorptive surface area?

<p>Ten times that of circular folds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the pyloric glands in the gastric mucosa?

<p>Loose connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the intestine are specialized for transcytosis of particles?

<p>M cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>They produce signaling hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the glycocalyx associated with microvilli?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily associated with D-cells in the gastrointestinal system?

<p>Somatostatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enteroendocrine cell type is responsible for releasing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)?

<p>L-cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does serotonin, released by EC-cells, primarily induce?

<p>Increased intestinal motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by K-cells, and what does it stimulate?

<p>Pancreatic inhibitory polypeptide (GIP); release of pancreatic enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pyloric sphincter within the gastrointestinal system?

<p>To regulate the flow of chyme into the small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does the release of neurotensin predominantly occur?

<p>Small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for the release of peptide YY, and what function does it serve?

<p>L-cells; promotes water and electrolyte absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Celiac disease primarily affects which part of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscles comprise the muscular layer of the stomach?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the digestive tract, responsible for absorption and secretion.

Muscularis

The muscular layer of the digestive tract responsible for peristalsis, which propels food through the digestive system.

Serosa

The outer protective layer of the digestive tract.

Peristalsis

Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller particles that the body can absorb.

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What is the mucosa?

The innermost layer of the intestinal wall composed of epithelium, lamina propria, and lamina muscularis mucosae.

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What is the submucosa?

This layer lies beneath the mucosa and houses glands, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

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What is the muscularis?

This layer is made up of smooth muscle and responsible for the movement of food through the digestive tract.

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What is the serosa?

The outermost layer of the digestive tract, composed of connective tissue and mesothelium. It's continuous with the peritoneum.

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What is the enteric nervous system?

A specialized network of nerves that regulates digestion.

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Mesentery

A double fold of peritoneum that holds the intestines in place.

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Muscularis mucosa

A thin layer of smooth muscle within the mucosa, responsible for slight movements to increase surface area for absorption and secretion.

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Myenteric plexus

A meshwork of nerves located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa, coordinating muscle contractions for peristalsis.

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Lamina propria

The connective tissue layer of the mucosa, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands.

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Lingual papillae

Small structures on the surface of the tongue that come in various types and have different functions.

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Vallate papillae

The largest papillae on the tongue, arranged in a V-shaped pattern at the back of the tongue.

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Foliate papillae

These papillae are found on the sides of the tongue near the sulcus terminalis.

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Filiform papillae

These papillae are found on the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, and they primarily help with manipulating food.

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Fungiform papillae

These papillae are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue, especially at the apex and sides.

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Taste buds

Specialized sensory organs within the papillae that detect different tastes.

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Taste cells (gustatory cells)

Cells within the taste bud that are responsible for detecting taste molecules.

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Sulcus terminalis

A groove at the back of the tongue that marks the division between the anterior two-thirds and the posterior one-third of the tongue.

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What is the crown of a tooth?

The visible portion of the tooth covered by enamel.

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What is enamel?

The hard, protective outer layer of the tooth crown.

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What is dentin?

A calcified tissue underlying enamel, surrounding the pulp cavity.

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What is pulp?

The soft tissue in the center of the tooth containing nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

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What is cementum?

A layer of hard, calcified tissue covering the tooth root.

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What is the neck of a tooth?

The area where the tooth crown meets the root.

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What is the root of a tooth?

The portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone.

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What is the periodontal ligament?

Connects the cementum to the surrounding alveolar bone, providing support and stability to the tooth.

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Enamel

The hard, outer layer of a tooth made of hydroxyapatite, protecting the tooth from wear and tear.

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Dentin

The primary component of the tooth, located beneath the enamel and forming the bulk of the tooth structure. Contains 70% hydroxyapatite.

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Cementum

Calcified tissue covering the root of a tooth, attaching it to the periodontal ligament and securing it within the jawbone.

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Pulp

Soft tissue located at the center of the tooth, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, providing nourishment and sensation.

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Periodontal Ligament

Connective tissue that anchors the tooth to the jawbone, allowing for slight movement and shock absorption during chewing.

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Crown

The part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line.

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What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?

The oral cavity is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which can be keratinized, non-keratinized, or partially keratinized, depending on the location.

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Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the oral cavity?

Keratinized layers protect the mucosa during mastication (chewing). They are well-developed in the masticatory mucosa of the gingiva and hard palate.

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Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the oral cavity?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium predominates in the mucosa of the soft palate, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and the posterior portion of the oral cavity leading to the esophagus.

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What is the vermilion zone of the lips and what makes it distinctive?

The vermilion zone of the lips is a transitional area between oral mucosa and skin, covered with thin stratified squamous epithelium. This zone lacks salivary and sweat glands, maintaining moisture through saliva.

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What is the structure of the tongue?

The tongue consists of skeletal muscle bundles covered by mucosa. The fibers are arranged in multiple directions, enabling substantial mobility, enabling movement of food during mastication and swallowing.

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What are papillae?

Papillae are protrusions formed by epithelium and lamina propria that differ in shape and function. Four types are distinguished: filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate.

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What is the function of filiform papillae?

Filiform papillae are numerous, elongated shaped papillae with keratinized epithelium that give the tongue a rough texture, assisting in manipulating food during mastication.

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How do fungiform papillae differ from filiform papillae?

Fungiform papillae are fewer, mushroom-shaped papillae, less keratinized, located among filiform papillae.

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Where are vallate papillae located and what makes them distinctive?

Vallate papillae are large, rounded papillae arranged in a V-shaped row at the posterior end of the tongue.

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Where are taste buds located?

Taste buds are located in the vallate and foliate papillae, enabling the perception of taste, also present in lesser concentrations within scattered fungiform papillae.

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What are circular folds?

Circular folds (plicae circulares) are prominent, inward folds in the lining of the jejunum that extend into the lumen. They are well-developed, maximizing surface area for nutrient absorption.

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What are villi?

Villi are small, finger-like projections extending from the surface of the circular folds. They further increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

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What is the role of the submucosa?

The submucosa is a layer beneath the mucosa, rich in blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It plays a crucial role in transporting absorbed nutrients and regulating the intestinal environment.

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How do the muscular layers aid digestion?

The two layers of smooth muscle in the intestinal wall (inner circular, outer longitudinal) work together to facilitate the movement of food through the digestive system through peristalsis.

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What are Peyer's Patches?

Peyer's Patches are areas of lymphoid tissue found within the wall of the jejunum, primarily in the ileum. They play a vital role in the immune system, helping to protect the body from harmful pathogens.

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What is the function of D-cells?

A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the pylorus, duodenum, and pancreatic islets, responsible for releasing somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the secretion of other digestive hormones.

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What do EC-cells do?

Located in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, these cells release serotonin and substance P, stimulating intestinal motility.

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What are G-cells and what do they release?

These cells reside in the pylorus and produce gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes gastric emptying.

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What role do I-cells play in digestion?

These cells release cholecystokinin (CCK), a powerful hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and the contraction of the gallbladder.

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What are K-cells known for?

Found in the duodenum and jejunum, these cells produce GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide.

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What do L-cells release and what's its role?

These cells, primarily located in the ileum and colon, release GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), a hormone that stimulates insulin secretion.

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What is the function of N-cells?

Located in the small intestine, these cells release neurotensin, a hormone that inhibits the release of pancreatic juice and gastric emptying.

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What are S-cells and their main function?

These cells reside in the small intestine and produce secretin, a hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate and water in the pancreas and bile.

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What are leiomyomas?

These tumors are benign smooth muscle tumors that are common in the stomach and small intestine. They can grow significantly, and autopsy studies indicate their presence in approximately 50% of individuals over 50.

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What is Celiac disease?

This disease is characterized by an immune response to gluten, leading to damage or destruction of the villi in the small intestinal mucosa. This results in malabsorption and nutrient deficiency.

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What are microvilli?

These are cylindrical extensions of the apical cytoplasm covered by the cell membrane, containing actin filaments. They increase the surface area for absorption.

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What are mucins?

They act as protective and lubricating agents in the intestines. They are secreted by goblet cells.

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What are Paneth cells?

These cells are found at the base of Lieberkühn's crypts and secrete substances that kill microorganisms.

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What are enterocytes?

These cells are specialized for taking up nutrients from the intestinal lumen. They have a brush border for increased absorption.

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What are M cells (Microfold cells)?

They are specialized cells involved in the transport of particles across the epithelium, primarily transporting antigens to immune cells.

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What are enteroendocrine cells?

These cells are scattered throughout the epithelium and secrete different peptide hormones involved in regulating digestion and other functions.

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What are pyloric glands?

These glands are located in the lamina propria and secrete various substances, mainly gastrin, mucus and lysozyme.

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What are plicae circulares?

These increase the surface area of the small intestine by three times, increasing the efficiency of nutrient absorption.

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