Digestive System Overview

Digestive System

• Mouth: Combining form stomat/o. Initial food preparation for digestion.
• Pharynx: Combining form pharyng/o. Transports food from mouth to esophagus.
• Esophagus: Combining form esophag/o. Transfers food from pharynx to stomach.
• Stomach: Combining form gastr/o. Breaks down and mixes food with gastric juices.
• Small Intestine: Combining form enter/o. Completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients, mixing chyme with digestive juices.
• Large Intestine: Combining form col/o. Absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination.
• Rectum and Anus: Combining form proct/o. Controls waste excretion.
• Liver: Combining form hepat/o. Secretes bile and enzymes to aid fat digestion.
• Gallbladder: Combining form cholecyst/o. Stores bile and releases it into small intestine.
• Pancreas: Combining form pancreat/o. Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into small intestine.

Medical Specialties (Digestive)

• Bariatrics: Medicine focusing on obesity prevention and management.
• Dentist: Diagnoses and treats oral cavity diseases.
• Gastroenterologist: Specialist in stomach and intestinal disorders.
• Orthodontist: Corrects misaligned teeth.
• Periodontist: Treats disorders affecting teeth's supporting structures.
• Proctologist: Specialist in colon, rectum, and anus disorders.

Pathologies (Oral Cavity)

• Aphthous ulcers: Gray-white mouth sores with red borders.
• Herpes labialis: Blister-like lip sores caused by HSV-1.
• Leukoplakia: Precancerous white lesions, often in tongue or cheek.
• Stomatomycosis: Fungal mouth disease.

Pathologies (Dental)

• Bruxism: Involuntary teeth grinding often during sleep.
• Dental caries: Bacterial infection causing tooth decay.
• Edentulous: Lacking teeth.
• Halitosis: Unpleasant breath odor, often from dental or other issues.

Pathologies (Esophagus & Stomach)

• Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
• GERD: Stomach acid refluxing into esophagus.
• Pyrosis: Heartburn sensation.
• Gastritis: Stomach lining inflammation, often due to bacteria like Helicobacter pylori.
• Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of stomach and intestines.
• Peptic ulcers: Stomach or intestinal sores, sometimes caused by H. pylori.

Pathologies (Intestinal)

• Celiac disease: Autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten.
• Diverticulum: Small pouches in colon lining.
• Volvulus: Intestine twisting causing blockage.
• Intussusception: Intestine telescoping within another part.

Diagnostic Procedures (Digestive)

• Abdominal CT: Detailed cross-sectional images of abdominal organs.
• Abdominal Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to visualize internal organs.
• Cholangiography: X-ray exam of bile ducts with contrast medium.
• Enema: Fluid instillation in rectum/colon for bowel evacuation.
• Endoscopy: Using a scope to examine internal organs.

Treatment Procedures (Digestive)

• Gastrectomy: Surgical stomach removal.
• Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures for severe obesity.
• Colostomy: Creating an opening between colon and abdominal wall.

Respiratory System

Respiratory System (Major Structures)

• Nose: Combining form nas/o. Warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air.
• Sinuses: Combining form sinus/o. Produce mucus, lighten skull, aid sound.
• Pharynx: Combining form pharyng/o. Transports air from nose to trachea.
• Larynx: Combining form laryng/o. Enables speech.
• Epiglottis: Combining form epiglott/o. Covers trachea during swallowing.
• Trachea: Combining form trache/o. Transports air between pharynx and bronchi.
• Bronchi: Combining form bronch/o. Transports air to lungs.
• Alveoli: Combining form alveol/o. Air sacs for gas exchange.
• Lungs: Combining form pulmon/o. Bring oxygen in and remove CO2.

Respiratory Specialties

• Otolaryngologist: Treats head and neck disorders, including ears, nose, and throat.
• Pulmonologist: Treats lung disorders.
• Thoracic Surgeon: Performs surgeries on chest organs.

Respiratory Pathologies

• COPD: Group of lung diseases obstructing airflow
• Chronic Bronchitis: Irritated airway inflammation
• Emphysema: Deterioration of lung tissue function
• Asthma: Bronchial tube inflammation
• Allergic Rhinitis: Increase mucus flow due to allergy
• Epistaxis: Nosebleed
• Rhinorrhea: Watery nasal discharge
• Sinusitis: Sinus inflammation
• Pharyngitis: Pharynx inflammation
• Laryngospasm: Sudden larynx closure.
• Aphonia: Inability to produce sounds
• Dysphonia: Difficulty speaking.
• Laryngitis: Larynx inflammation
• Tracheorrhagia: Trachea bleeding.
• Bronchiectasis: Bronchi permanent dilation.
• Pleural Effusion: Excess pleural fluid.
• Pneumothorax: Air in pleural space.
• Atelectasis: Incomplete lung expansion.
• Pulmonary Embolism: Blockage of a pulmonary artery.
• Tuberculosis: Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Pneumoconiosis: Loss of lung tissue due to dust inhalation.

Respiratory Diagnostic Procedures

• Bronchoscopy: Inspection of bronchi.
• Chest X-ray: Diagnosis aid for pneumonia, lung cancer, etc.
• Laryngoscopy: Inspection of larynx and vocal cords.
• Polysomnography: Physiological monitoring during sleep.
• Spirometer: Measures inhaled/exhaled air volume.
• Pulse Oximeter: Measures oxygen saturation.
• Phlegm and Sputum: Thick/expelled mucus for diagnostics.

Respiratory Treatment Procedures

• Antitussive: Cough suppressant.
• Bronchodilator: Expands bronchial passages.
• Metered-Dose Inhaler: Delivers medication as inhaled aerosol.
• Nebulizer: Converts liquid medication to a mist for inhalation.
• Endotracheal Intubation: Tube to manage airways.
• Laryngotomy: Surgical larynx incision.
• Septoplasty: Nasal septum repair
• Tracheostomy: Surgical trachea opening.
• Pneumonectomy: Partial or whole lung removal.
• Thoracentesis: Needle puncture for pleural fluid removal.
• Ambu Bag: Emergency ventilation.
• Ventilator: Mechanical breathing assistance.
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Breathing pure oxygen in high pressure.

Explore the fundamental components of the digestive system in this quiz. From the mouth to the anus, understand the roles of each organ and their specific combining forms in the medical context. Test your knowledge on digestion processes and associated medical specialties.