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Questions and Answers
What are the functions of the digestive system? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of the digestive system? (Select all that apply)
What is the name of the membrane that covers the organs in the digestive system?
What is the name of the membrane that covers the organs in the digestive system?
Visceral peritoneum
What is the name of the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity?
What is the name of the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the name of the connective tissue sheet that holds the organs of the digestive system in place?
What is the name of the connective tissue sheet that holds the organs of the digestive system in place?
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Other abdominal organs that lie against the abdominal wall and have no mesenteries are called ______.
Other abdominal organs that lie against the abdominal wall and have no mesenteries are called ______.
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What is the name of the digestive tract? (Select all that apply)
What is the name of the digestive tract? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following are associated organs of the digestive system? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are associated organs of the digestive system? (Select all that apply)
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What is the process of chewing food called?
What is the process of chewing food called?
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What is the name of the anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth?
What is the name of the anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth?
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What are the two types of teeth? (Select all that apply)
What are the two types of teeth? (Select all that apply)
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What are the functions of the tonsils? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of the tonsils? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following is NOT a type of salivary gland?
Which of the following is NOT a type of salivary gland?
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The parotid gland is located beside the ear and produces mucous fluids.
The parotid gland is located beside the ear and produces mucous fluids.
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The submandibular gland is located below the mandible and produces more serous fluids than mucous fluids.
The submandibular gland is located below the mandible and produces more serous fluids than mucous fluids.
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The sublingual gland is the largest of the salivary glands.
The sublingual gland is the largest of the salivary glands.
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Saliva helps to keep the oral cavity moist, keep teeth strong, and neutralize bacterial acids.
Saliva helps to keep the oral cavity moist, keep teeth strong, and neutralize bacterial acids.
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What is the main digestive enzyme in saliva?
What is the main digestive enzyme in saliva?
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Why do babies salivate excessively, also known as drooling?
Why do babies salivate excessively, also known as drooling?
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The swallowing process is called deglutition.
The swallowing process is called deglutition.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the deglutition process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the deglutition process?
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Egestion is the removal of undigested waste from the body, while excretion is the removal of metabolic waste.
Egestion is the removal of undigested waste from the body, while excretion is the removal of metabolic waste.
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What is the name of the semiliquid mixture of food that is formed in the stomach?
What is the name of the semiliquid mixture of food that is formed in the stomach?
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Chyme is liquefied in the mouth.
Chyme is liquefied in the mouth.
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Chyme mixes with the ______ and pancreatic and intestinal juices to form chyle.
Chyme mixes with the ______ and pancreatic and intestinal juices to form chyle.
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What is the name of the three sections of the small intestine? (Select all that apply)
What is the name of the three sections of the small intestine? (Select all that apply)
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Where is the majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive system?
Where is the majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive system?
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The ileum of the small intestine absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, and other nutrients.
The ileum of the small intestine absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, and other nutrients.
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What are the main parts of the large intestine? (Select all that apply)
What are the main parts of the large intestine? (Select all that apply)
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Match the following parts of the colon with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the colon with their descriptions:
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The ileocecal valve prevents reflux of colonic content back into the ileum.
The ileocecal valve prevents reflux of colonic content back into the ileum.
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The appendix is attached to the sigmoid colon.
The appendix is attached to the sigmoid colon.
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What is the name of the small, finger-like pouch that is attached to the cecum?
What is the name of the small, finger-like pouch that is attached to the cecum?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- The digestive system consists of the digestive tract (also called the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal) and associated organs
- It includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (and anus), and organs like salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
- The main functions of the digestive system include ingestion of food, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Functions of Digestive System
- Ingestion of food
- Digestion of food
- Absorption of nutrients
- Elimination of wastes
Digestive System: Structure and Components
- Serous membrane covering organs: Visceral peritoneum
- Membrane lining abdominal cavity wall: Parietal peritoneum
- Connective tissue holding organs in place: Mesenteries
- Food passage: From oral cavity to anal canal
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Components include:
- Oral cavity (mouth)
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal.
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Associated Organs:
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Pancreas
Oral Cavity (Mouth)
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Contains structures like the lips, buccinator muscles, orbicularis oris muscles, gingiva (gums), teeth, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and tonsils
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Teeth: Permanent/Secondary Teeth; Deciduous/Primary Teeth (Milk Teeth)/Baby Teeth
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Tongue: Muscular organ with papillae (2/3 of tongue has papillae).
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Frenulum: Anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth
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Mastication: Chewing
Salivary Glands
- Parotid glands: Located beside the ear and are primarily serous.
- Submandibular glands: Located below the mandible and produce mostly serous secretions but contain mucous components.
- Sublingual glands: Smallest of the three, mainly secrete mucous saliva and located under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
Saliva
- Composition: Serous and mucous fluids.
- Functions: Moistens oral cavity, keeps teeth strong, contains enzymes to begin digestion (amylase, which breaks down food molecules, digests starches, and creates the sweet taste of food), neutralizes bacterial acids
Question: Why do babies salivate excessively or drool?
- Poor muscle development, and teething.
Swallowing (Deglutition)
- A three-step process:
- Step 1: Tongue blocks the oral cavity, and soft palate blocks the nasal cavity
- Step 2: The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) closes, and the tongue blocks the oral cavity
- Step 3: The epiglottis blocks the larynx, the UES opens, and the bolus enters the esophagus; the UES closes
Egestion vs. Excretion
- Egestion: Removal of undigested material from the digestive tract.
- Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes from the body (not just food waste).
5 Essential Nutrients
- Food provides body growth and energy.
- Includes protein, fats, and carbohydrates
Bolus & Chyme
- The bolus is liquefied in the stomach, becoming chyme.
Chyme Conversion
- Chyme mixes with bile (from liver), pancreatic juices, and intestinal juices to form chyle
Stomach
- Structure: Fundus, body, pylorus, lesser curvature, greater curvature, rugae
- Secretions: Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, mucus
- Hydrochloric acid: Kills microorganisms, activates pepsin.
- Pepsin: Breaks down covalent bonds of proteins.
- Mucus: Lubricates and protects.
- Mixing waves: Mix ingested food with stomach to form chyme
- Peristaltic waves: Force chyme towards pyloric sphincter
Small Intestine
- Parts include duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- Absorbs most nutrients, including amino acids and fatty acids.
Large Intestine
- Parts include cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
- Absorbs water and certain electrolytes
The Colon
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- Receives Chyme from the small intestine, digesting into firm stool.*
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- Reabsorbs water and electrolytes*
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- Temporarily stores and transports feces*
- Balances electrolytes and pH
Respiratory System
- Functions include respiration (breathing), regulation of blood pH, olfaction (smell), and innate immunity.
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Components include external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Components include trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Nose (External Nose and Nasal Cavity)
- Hylaine cartilage, bone, connective tissues, & skin
- Nostrils (Nares): External openings
- Choanae: Openings to the pharynx
- Nasal Septum: Divides into left and right sides
- Hard Palate: Floor of nasal cavity, soft palate, uvula
- Olfactory Region: Receptor cells for sense of smell
Choanae (Internal Nares)
- Located at the back of the nasal cavity.
Conchae (Turbinates)
- Bony ridges in the nasal cavity that increase surface area for warming and humidifying air.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Air-filled spaces within bones, such as maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
Nasolacrimal Ducts
- Ducts that carry tears into the nasal cavity.
Pharynx (Throat)
- Common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems. Includes nasal cavity, oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and hypopharynx
Anatomy of the Pharynx
- Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx are parts of the pharynx
Tonsils
- Pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine, lingual tonsils
Larynx (Voice Box)
- Composed of 9 cartilages connected by muscles and ligaments(3 unpaired: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis; 6 paired: cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage)
Trachea (Windpipe)
- Membranous tube of connective tissue and smooth muscle attaching to the larynx, and C-shaped hyaline cartilage. It's in the mediastinum and divides into left and right primary bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebra. The esophagus lies posterior to the trachea.
Bronchi
- Divides into right and left main bronchi (primary bronchi) connecting to the lungs, with the left main bronchus being more horizontal.
- Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical.
- Lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) lead to lobes of the lungs (two on the left and three on the right)
- Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi) lead to the bronchopulmonary segments
Lungs and Lung Lobes
- Lungs have lobes, with the right lung having three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and the left lung having two lobes (superior and inferior).
Alveoli
- Tiny air sacs at the end of the respiratory bronchioles in the lungs
- Sites for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Inhalation Process
- Breathing in
- Air enters via the nose or mouth
- Travels down the pharynx and larynx
- Enters the trachea
- Passes through the bronchi and bronchioles
- Finally enters the alveoli
- Further filtration is done before absorption of oxygen
- Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into blood capillaries
Gas Exchange
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Transport of gases through the respiratory system.
Breathing Phases
- Inspiration: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and increasing lung volume. Diaphragm moves downward and blood flow in SVC increases.
- Expiration: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, chest cavity contracts, and lung volume decreases. Diaphragm moves upward and returns to dome shape.
Urinary System
- Functions: controlling body fluid composition and volume, excretion, regulating blood volume and pressure, concentrating substances in blood, regulating extracellular fluid pH, regulating RBC synthesis, regulating Vitamin D synthesis
Components of Urinary System
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Kidneys
- Bean-shaped organs lying on the posterior abdominal wall, behind the peritoneum. One kidney is on each side of the vertebral column.
- A renal capsule (connective tissue) surrounds each kidney.
- The hilum (a medial indentation) is where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit.
- Divided into outer cortex and inner medulla, with renal pyramids extending toward the center.
- Urine formation processes: filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Urine is mostly water and contains organic waste products and excess ions.
Blood Through Kidneys
- Blood flows through the kidneys to remove substances (excess water, ions, metabolic wastes, and toxic substances) and form urine.
Urine Flow
- Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it's temporarily stored and then eliminated through the urethra.
Renal Pelvis
- Formed by the joining of calyces, which funnel urine from the renal pyramids
- Then narrows to become the ureter
- An exit for urine from the kidneys
Nephron
- The functional unit of the kidney
- Includes renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs), and distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
Renal Corpuscle
- Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
- Filtration site, where blood filters into the capsule
- The portion of the plasma entering the nephron is now a filtrate
- Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus
- The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries
Tubular Secretion
- Transports solutes across nephron walls into the filtrate
Renal Blood Flow
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of the digestive system in this quiz. From the oral cavity to the anus, learn about the various organs and their roles in digestion, absorption, and waste elimination. Test your knowledge on how these organs work together to process food.
