Digestive Respiratory System PDF

DIGESTIVE RESPIRATORY URINARY & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr. Francisco  Functions 1.Ingestion of food 2.Digestion of food 3.Absorption of nutrients 4.Elimination of wastes This Photo by Unknown Author i...

DIGESTIVE RESPIRATORY URINARY & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr. Francisco  Functions 1.Ingestion of food 2.Digestion of food 3.Absorption of nutrients 4.Elimination of wastes This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 3 Serous membrane that covers the organs – Visceral Peritoneum Digestive System Serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity Consists of: – Parietal Peritoneum Digestive tract / Gastrointestinal tract / Alimentary Canal Organs are held in place by a connective Oral cavity, Pharynx, tissue sheet Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus – Mesenteries  Associated organs Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas Note: Other abdominal organs lie against the Entry & Exit: abdominal wall have no mesenteries From the Oral Cavity to - Retroperitoneal the Anal Canal / Anus ( Duodenum, Pancreas, Ascending colon, Descending colon, Rectum, Kidneys, Adrenal Food may contain: Glands, Urinary Bladder ) Nutrients and also indigestible components Pitch deck 4  Oral Teeth Cavity - Permanent / Secondary Teeth Orbicularis Oris Muscle - Deciduous / Primary & Teeth / Milk Teeth / Buccinator Muscles Baby Teeth Tongue – muscular organ - 2/3 with Tonsils papillae -Lateral posterior Frenulum - Anterior walls of oral cavity attachment to the floor - In nasopharynx of the mouth - Posterior surface Mastication of tongue 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 5  Salivary Glands Produce saliva (serous + mucous fluids) 1. Beside the ear, serous glands that enter the oral cavity next to Upper 2nd Molars 2. Below the Mandible, produce more serous than mucous secretions 3. Smallest, mostly mucous secretions, below the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth, has 10- 12 small ducts opening to the floor of the mouth 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 6  SALIVA - Keeps oral cavity moist - Keep teeth strong - Contains enzymes that begin the process of SEROUS Digestion - Digestive enzyme protein-rich fluid (Salivary with Amylase) which digestive enzymes, break down food watery fluid molecules & digest starch MUCOUS sweet taste of slippery solution food with mucus & - Neutralizes aqueous secretion bacterial acids 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 7 Why do babies salivate excessively or drool? Poor muscle development & Teething  Terminologies Mastication Deglutition Ingestion chewing and swallowing, which Consumption of reducing food moves the chewed size using jaw food from the mouth food, entry of movements to the stomach and specific through three food into oral muscles. stages: oral, pharyngeal, and cavity esophageal 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 9  Terminologies Digestion Absorption Egestion breakdown of food into nutrients from removal of small molecules that digested food are undigested can be absorbed by taken up by cells in waste from the body the intestines the body. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 10  Terminologies Assimilation absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 11  BOLUS & CHYME The Bolus is a ball- like mixture of food and saliva. As the stomach muscles contract and mix the food with gastric secretions, it is progressively broken down, mixed, and liquefied turning it into Chyme, a semi-fluid mass of partially digested food in the 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 12 stomach. Company overview Click icon to add picture STOMACH - Upper left superior part of the abdomen - Gastroesophageal opening (esophagus to stomach) - Pyloric opening (stomach to small intestine) - Pyloric Sphincter (thick ring of smooth muscle) - controls the passage of partially digested food and stomach juices 6/22/20XX from the pylorus to the Pitch deck 14  Stomach Secretions Intrinsic Factor – binds with vit. B12 , makes it more readily absorbed by Small Intestine for DNA synthesis & RBC production Hydrochloric Acid Pepsin Mucus Kills microorganisms Breaks Lubricates and and activates PEPSIN covalent protects from its inactive form bonds of epithelial cells (Pepsinogen) protein to of the stomach Secreted by form smaller wall from peptide acidic chyme gastric chief cells chains. and pepsin 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 15 Movement in Stomach Aids in digestion and help move chyme Mixing Waves Peristaltic Waves Relatively weak Stronger contractions contractions Thoroughly mix Force chyme ingested food with towards and stomach to form chyme through the pyloric sphincter 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 16 Small Intestine  Small Intestine Duodenum - Part of pancreas lies within this arc. The common bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct from pancreas join & empty into the duodenum Jejunum - Absorbs most nutrients, including amino acids and fatty acids Ileum - Ileum: Absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, and other nutrients 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 18 Click icon to add picture Large Intestine Consists of Cecum, Colon, Rectum, & Anal Canal Ileocecal Valve - a sphincter muscle valve that limits the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. The valve helps regulate the flow of digested material from the ileum to the cecum. The appendix is attached to the cecum 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 19 The Colon Receiving chyme from the small intestine and further digesting it into a firm stool. Reabsorbing water and electrolytes to form stool. Temporarily storing and transporting feces. Absorbing sodium, potassium, and chloride. Balancing electrolytes and pH. Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Colon Colon Colon Colon Extends From right Extends from S-shaped tube, superiorly from colic flexure to left colic extends cecum to right left colic flexure to the medially and colic flexure flexure near pelvis inferiorly into near the liver the spleen, pelvic cavity and turns to and turns and ends at the the left inferiorly rectum 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 20  The Colon Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Colon Colon Colon Colon Extends From right Extends from S-shaped tube, superiorly from colic flexure to left colic extends cecum to right left colic flexure to the medially and colic flexure flexure near pelvis inferiorly into near the liver the spleen, pelvic cavity and turns to and turns and ends at the the left inferiorly rectum 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 21 RESPIRATORY Dr. Francisco Functions: Respiration Regulation of blood pH Olfaction Innate Immunity  Upper R.T External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx & associated structures Lower R.T Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 24  NOSE (EXTERNAL NOSE & NASAL CAVITY) Nose – hyaline cartilage, bone, connective tissues, & skin Nares (nostrils) – external openings of nose Choanae – openings into the pharynx Nasal cavity – from nares to choanae Nasal Septum – Divides the nasal cavity into R & L Hard Palate – floor of the nasal cavity 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 25 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 26 Three prominent bony ridges on lateral walls of the nasal cavity - CONCHAE Air filled spaces within bone - PARANASAL SINUSES (Maxillary, Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal) Ducts that carry tears and open into the nasal cavity - Nasolacrimal ducts * Sensory receptors for sense of smell PHARYNX (throat) Common passageway for respiratory & digestive systems for air, food and water.  PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX Passageway for air Passageway for food, Passageway for food > Posterior to drink & air & > Posterior to > From uvula to larynx & extends choanae & superior epiglottis and oral from tip of epiglottis to soft palate cavity to esophagus 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 31 Soft palate – forms floor of the nasopharynx Hard palate – forms floor of the nasal cavity Uvula – posterior extension of the soft palate Tonsils- helps defend the body from infections Pharyngeal tonsils – located on the posterior part of the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils –located on the lateral walls near the border of oral cavity & oropharynx Lingual tonsils – located on the surface of the posterior part of the tongue 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 32 LARYNX (Voicebox)  Consists of nine cartilages connected by muscles and ligaments (3 are unpaired and 6 are paired) unpaired: Thyroid cartilage – aka the Adam’s apple, attached superiorly to hyoid bone. Cricoid cartilage – forms the base of larynx, most inferior cartilage Epiglottis – consists of elastic cartilage (rather than hyaline), inferior margin attached to thyroid cartilage anteriorly & the superior part projects superiorly toward the tongue 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 34  Paired: (form an attachment site for the vocal folds) Cuneiform cartilage – most superior Corniculate cartilage – middle Arytenoid cartilage – most inferior 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 35 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 36 TRACHEA (windpipe) - Membranous tube of connective tissue & smooth muscle attached to larynx - Has C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage projects through the mediastinum and divides into left & right primary bronchi at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra - The esophagus lies posterior to the trachea 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 38 BRONCHI  - Divides into R&L main bronchi (Primary bronchi) from trachea & connected to Lungs - LMB is more horizontal than RMB (displaced by the heart) - RMB is wider, shorter and more vertical than LMB - Lobar bronchus (secondary) - Segmental bronchus (tertiary) 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 40 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 41 LUNGS Principal organs of respiration - RL has 3 lobes (superior, middle & inferior) - LL has 2 lobes (superior & inferior) Lobes -> Bronchopulmonary segments (9: Left & 10: Right) - Has Visceral & Parietal Pleura 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 43 Click icon to add chart 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 44 Main Bronchi: (primary bronchi) - branch many times to form the tracheobronchial tree - divides into “Lobar bronchi” as they enter the R&L lungs 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 45 Lobar bronchi: (secondary bronchi) - 2 in the LL & 3 in the RL - conduct air to each lobe - gives rise to “Segmental bronchi” 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 46 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 47 Segmental bronchi: (tertiary bronhi) - extend to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs - continue to branch & give rise to bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 48 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 49 2 phases of Breathing / Respiration: 1. Inspiration > Diaphragm & Intercostal muscles contract, chest cavity expands, volume of lungs increase > Diaphragm moves downward, blood flow in SVC increased 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 53 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 54 2 phases of Breathing / Respiration: 2. Expiration > Diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax, chest cavity contracts & lung volume decreases > Diaphragm relaxes, moves upward & return to dome shape 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 55  URINARY SYSTEM Dr. Francisco This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Functions 1. Control the composition and volume of body fluids 2.Excretion 3.Regulation of blood volume and pressure 4.Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood 5.Regulation of extracellular fluid pH 6.Regulation of RBC synthesis 7.Regulation of Vit. D synthesis 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 57  Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 58 > Blood flows through kidneys to remove substances (like excess water and ions, metabolic wastes, and toxic substances) from blood & form urine 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 59 - bean shaped organs that lie on the posterior abdominal wall, behind the peritoneum - one kidney on each side of the vertebral column - Renal capsule (connective tissue) surrounds each kidney - Hilum on the medial side of kidneys, renal artery & nerves enter, and renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels exit, opens into a cavity : renal sinus  The urine produced by the kidneys flows through the ureters, to the urinary bladder to be stored, until it is eliminated / excreted through the urethra. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 61 Let’s dig deeper into the KIDNEYS  KIDNEYS divided into outer CORTEX & inner MEDULLA RENAL PYRAMIDS > cone shaped & project toward center of kidneys CALYX > funnel-shaped structure surrounds the tip of each renal 6/22/20XX pyramid Pitch deck 63 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 64  RENAL PELVIS > calyces from renal pyramids join to form a larger funnel > narrows to form a small tube, the URETER that exits the kidney & is connected to U.B. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 65  Each Nephron has: renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle (descending limb & ascending limb), & DCT 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 66 Renal Corpuscle (Bowman’s Capsule & Glomerulus)  The renal corpuscle -site of blood filtration within the kidneys The Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) - double-layered epithelial structure surrounding the glomerulus, * inner layer has Podocytes (specialized cells wrapped around the glomerular capillaries) The Glomerulus - tuft of capillaries within Bowman’s Capsule 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 68 Click icon to add chart 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 69 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 70  Loop of Henle * Limbs’ segments: thin DL, thin AL, & thick AL * Descending limb: extend toward renal sinus * Ascending limb: extends back towards cortex 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 71 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 72  What extends only to the renal cortex? What extends to the Renal medulla? Cortex – renal corpuscles & both CTs Medulla – Collecting duct and LOH 15% juxtamedullary nephrons have LOH that extend deep to medulla, while 85% cortical nephrons do not. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 73 Click icon to add chart 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 74 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 75  After passing the LOH, many DCT empty into a collecting duct (carries fluid from cortex through medulla) Then, many collecting ducts empty into a papillary duct, which then empties its contents into a calyx 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 76 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 77  RENAL PELVIS > calyces from renal pyramids join to form a larger funnel > narrows to form a small tube, the URETER that exits the kidney & is connected to U.B. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 78  Urine formation processes: Filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion URINE: -mostly water and contains organic waste products & excess ions. 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 79  Filtration: -water, ions, & small molecules move through Bowman’s capsule. The portion of the plasma entering the nephron is now a Filtrate 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 80  T. Reabsorption: - movement of substances from filtrate across the wall of the nephron back into the blood of peritubular capillaries T. Secretion: - transports solutes across nephron walls into the filtrate 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 81  BLOOD Click icon to add chart FLOW THROUGH KIDNEY? 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 82 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 83  Meet the team Takuma Hayashi​ Mirjam Nilsson​ Flora Berggren​ Rajesh Santoshi​ President Chief Executive Officer Chief Operations Officer VP Marketing 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 84  Meet the full team Takuma Hayashi Flora Berggren​ Graham Barnes Elizabeth Moore President Chief Operations Officer VP Product Product Designer Mirjam Nilsson​ Rajesh Santoshi​ Rowan Murphy Robin Kline Chief Executive Officer VP Marketing SEO Strategist Content Developer 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 85  Summary At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By finding new ways to engage with customers from across the globe, we’re disrupting the online shopping landscape and fostering a consumer-first mindset. We thrive because of our market knowledge and a great team behind our product. As our CEO says, "Efficiencies will come from proactively transforming how we do business." 6/22/20XX Pitch deck 86 Thank you Mirjam Nilsson​ 206-555-0146 [email protected] m www.contoso.com