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The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the:
The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the:
All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT:
All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT:
Most of the digestive tract is lined by:
Most of the digestive tract is lined by:
There are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following EXCEPT:
There are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following EXCEPT:
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Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the:
Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the:
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Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ______ secretion of saliva.
Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ______ secretion of saliva.
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Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the:
Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the:
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A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is called a:
A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is called a:
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The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______ which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.
The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______ which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.
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Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach?
Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach?
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Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ______ of the stomach.
Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ______ of the stomach.
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A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of:
A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of:
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All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT:
All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT:
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The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the:
The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the:
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The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine:
The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine:
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In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:
In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:
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The large intestine is consists of all of the following except:
The large intestine is consists of all of the following except:
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Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cells and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into:
Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cells and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into:
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Which of the following is NOT a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme:
Which of the following is NOT a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme:
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The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called:
The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called:
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Bile salts are involved with ______ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid-digesting enzymes.
Bile salts are involved with ______ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid-digesting enzymes.
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The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:
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Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hormones including which of the following:
Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hormones including which of the following:
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Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the:
Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the:
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the
Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the
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Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and mainly stimulates
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and mainly stimulates
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the:
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the:
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Gastrin promotes increased ______ motility.
Gastrin promotes increased ______ motility.
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Carbohydate digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase) and continues to digest food in the stomach for about ______ before stomach acids inactivate the enzyme.
Carbohydate digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase) and continues to digest food in the stomach for about ______ before stomach acids inactivate the enzyme.
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Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:
Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:
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Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide:
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide:
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Absorption of monosaccharides is by:
Absorption of monosaccharides is by:
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Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and:
Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and:
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The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called:
The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called:
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Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ______ which are secreted into the interstitial fluid.
Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ______ which are secreted into the interstitial fluid.
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Protein digestion is complex and time-consuming, where stomach acids, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituent:
Protein digestion is complex and time-consuming, where stomach acids, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituent:
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Amino acids are absorbed by each of the following EXCEPT:
Amino acids are absorbed by each of the following EXCEPT:
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Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine, ______ are reabsorbed and the remainder is excreted in stool.
Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine, ______ are reabsorbed and the remainder is excreted in stool.
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Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ______ into the digestive epithelium in healthy individuals.
Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ______ into the digestive epithelium in healthy individuals.
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Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the ______ derivative and facilitated by protein.
Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the ______ derivative and facilitated by protein.
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Study Notes
Digestive Tract
- The digestive tract is an internal passageway, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus.
- Components of the digestive system include salivary glands, pharynx, liver, and larynx.
- Most of the digestive tract is lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Salivary Glands
- Salivary glands produce saliva containing water, electrolytes, and mucin, but not pancreatic amylase.
- Chewing (mastication) breaks down food particles and mixes them with saliva.
Swallowing
- Swallowing is initiated by voluntary actions, propelling food into the pharynx.
- Peristalsis is a wave of smooth muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
Stomach
- The stomach's entrance is guarded by the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing reflux.
- Regions of the stomach include cardia, pylorus, and fundus.
- Mucus protects the stomach lining from acid. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced by parietal cells, pepsin by chief cells.
Small Intestine
- The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption.
- It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Bile salts are involved in emulsification of lipids, which enhances the action of lipid-digesting enzymes.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
- It reabsorbs water, sodium, and other minerals from the digestive contents.
Pancreas and Liver
- Exocrine pancreatic cells (acinus and epithelial cells) secrete pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
- The liver produces bile, which helps with lipid digestion.
Digestive Enzymes and Hormones
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates digestion and secretion of digestive enzymes and bile.
- Secretin increases bile and buffer secretion from the liver and pancreas.
Absorption Mechanisms
- Absorption of monosaccharides involves facilitated diffusion.
- Lipids are absorbed as micelles.
- Amino acids are absorbed using specific transport systems.
- Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by specific carriers.
Vitamine and Minerals' Absorption
- Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and regulated by Vitamin D. Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of the digestive epithelium.
Other Information
- The pyloric sphincter regulates chyme release into the duodenum.
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and stimulates insulin release.
- Proteins are digested into amino acids.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the digestive system, including key components such as the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, and intestines. Understand processes like swallowing and peristalsis that facilitate digestion. This quiz covers essential concepts of human anatomy and physiology related to digestion.
