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Questions and Answers
The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the:
The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the:
- cecum
- elbow
- mucosa
- anus (correct)
All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT:
All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT:
- pharynx
- liver
- salivary glands
- larynx (correct)
Most of the digestive tract is lined by:
Most of the digestive tract is lined by:
- complex columnar epithelia
- simple columnar epithelia (correct)
- cuboidal endothelia
- squamous epithelia
There are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following EXCEPT:
There are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following EXCEPT:
Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the:
Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the:
Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ______ secretion of saliva.
Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ______ secretion of saliva.
Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the:
Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the:
A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is called a:
A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is called a:
The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______ which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.
The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______ which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.
Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach?
Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach?
Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ______ of the stomach.
Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ______ of the stomach.
A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of:
A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of:
All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT:
All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT:
The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the:
The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the:
The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine:
The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine:
In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:
In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:
The large intestine is consists of all of the following except:
The large intestine is consists of all of the following except:
Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cells and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into:
Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cells and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into:
Which of the following is NOT a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme:
Which of the following is NOT a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme:
The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called:
The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called:
Bile salts are involved with ______ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid-digesting enzymes.
Bile salts are involved with ______ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid-digesting enzymes.
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:
Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hormones including which of the following:
Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hormones including which of the following:
Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the:
Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the:
Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the
Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and mainly stimulates
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and mainly stimulates
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the:
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the:
Gastrin promotes increased ______ motility.
Gastrin promotes increased ______ motility.
Carbohydate digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase) and continues to digest food in the stomach for about ______ before stomach acids inactivate the enzyme.
Carbohydate digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase) and continues to digest food in the stomach for about ______ before stomach acids inactivate the enzyme.
Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:
Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide:
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide:
Absorption of monosaccharides is by:
Absorption of monosaccharides is by:
Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and:
Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and:
The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called:
The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called:
Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ______ which are secreted into the interstitial fluid.
Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ______ which are secreted into the interstitial fluid.
Protein digestion is complex and time-consuming, where stomach acids, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituent:
Protein digestion is complex and time-consuming, where stomach acids, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituent:
Amino acids are absorbed by each of the following EXCEPT:
Amino acids are absorbed by each of the following EXCEPT:
Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine, ______ are reabsorbed and the remainder is excreted in stool.
Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine, ______ are reabsorbed and the remainder is excreted in stool.
Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ______ into the digestive epithelium in healthy individuals.
Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ______ into the digestive epithelium in healthy individuals.
Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the ______ derivative and facilitated by protein.
Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the ______ derivative and facilitated by protein.
Flashcards
Where does the digestive tract end?
Where does the digestive tract end?
The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
What part of the digestive system is NOT associated with digestion?
What part of the digestive system is NOT associated with digestion?
The salivary glands, pharynx, liver, and larynx are all parts of the digestive system. The larynx, however, is part of the respiratory system.
What type of tissue lines the digestive tract?
What type of tissue lines the digestive tract?
Most of the digestive tract is lined by simple columnar epithelia, a type of tissue that provides protection and absorption.
What is NOT found in saliva?
What is NOT found in saliva?
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What helps break down food and mix it with saliva?
What helps break down food and mix it with saliva?
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What stimulates saliva production?
What stimulates saliva production?
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What is the first step of swallowing?
What is the first step of swallowing?
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What is the name of the wave that propels food through the digestive tract?
What is the name of the wave that propels food through the digestive tract?
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What prevents food from going back up the esophagus?
What prevents food from going back up the esophagus?
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What region of the stomach is NOT involved in digestion?
What region of the stomach is NOT involved in digestion?
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Which cells secrete pepsin in the stomach?
Which cells secrete pepsin in the stomach?
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What protects the stomach lining from digestion?
What protects the stomach lining from digestion?
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What is NOT a phase of gastric secretion?
What is NOT a phase of gastric secretion?
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What controls the flow of chyme from the stomach?
What controls the flow of chyme from the stomach?
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
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What are the three parts of the small intestine?
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
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What part of the large intestine is the final exit point for waste?
What part of the large intestine is the final exit point for waste?
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Where is pancreatic juice secreted?
Where is pancreatic juice secreted?
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What is NOT a pancreatic exocrine enzyme?
What is NOT a pancreatic exocrine enzyme?
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What fluid does the liver produce?
What fluid does the liver produce?
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What process does bile salt aid in?
What process does bile salt aid in?
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What hormone stimulates bile release?
What hormone stimulates bile release?
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What hormone is NOT produced by enteroendocrine cells?
What hormone is NOT produced by enteroendocrine cells?
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What does secretin stimulate?
What does secretin stimulate?
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What does CCK do?
What does CCK do?
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What does GIP stimulate?
What does GIP stimulate?
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What does VIP do?
What does VIP do?
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What does gastrin promote?
What does gastrin promote?
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How long does salivary amylase function?
How long does salivary amylase function?
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What happens to disaccharides and trisaccharides before absorption?
What happens to disaccharides and trisaccharides before absorption?
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What is NOT a disaccharide?
What is NOT a disaccharide?
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How are monosaccharides absorbed?
How are monosaccharides absorbed?
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What does pancreatic lipase break down?
What does pancreatic lipase break down?
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What do fatty acids and bile salts form?
What do fatty acids and bile salts form?
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What are fat molecules packaged as before leaving the cells?
What are fat molecules packaged as before leaving the cells?
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What are proteins broken down into?
What are proteins broken down into?
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What process is NOT involved in amino acid absorption?
What process is NOT involved in amino acid absorption?
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How much water is reabsorbed in the intestine?
How much water is reabsorbed in the intestine?
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How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
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What vitamin regulates calcium absorption?
What vitamin regulates calcium absorption?
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Study Notes
Digestive Tract
- The digestive tract is an internal passageway, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus.
- Components of the digestive system include salivary glands, pharynx, liver, and larynx.
- Most of the digestive tract is lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Salivary Glands
- Salivary glands produce saliva containing water, electrolytes, and mucin, but not pancreatic amylase.
- Chewing (mastication) breaks down food particles and mixes them with saliva.
Swallowing
- Swallowing is initiated by voluntary actions, propelling food into the pharynx.
- Peristalsis is a wave of smooth muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
Stomach
- The stomach's entrance is guarded by the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing reflux.
- Regions of the stomach include cardia, pylorus, and fundus.
- Mucus protects the stomach lining from acid. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced by parietal cells, pepsin by chief cells.
Small Intestine
- The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption.
- It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Bile salts are involved in emulsification of lipids, which enhances the action of lipid-digesting enzymes.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
- It reabsorbs water, sodium, and other minerals from the digestive contents.
Pancreas and Liver
- Exocrine pancreatic cells (acinus and epithelial cells) secrete pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
- The liver produces bile, which helps with lipid digestion.
Digestive Enzymes and Hormones
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates digestion and secretion of digestive enzymes and bile.
- Secretin increases bile and buffer secretion from the liver and pancreas.
Absorption Mechanisms
- Absorption of monosaccharides involves facilitated diffusion.
- Lipids are absorbed as micelles.
- Amino acids are absorbed using specific transport systems.
- Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by specific carriers.
Vitamine and Minerals' Absorption
- Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and regulated by Vitamin D. Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of the digestive epithelium.
Other Information
- The pyloric sphincter regulates chyme release into the duodenum.
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and stimulates insulin release.
- Proteins are digested into amino acids.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the digestive system, including key components such as the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, and intestines. Understand processes like swallowing and peristalsis that facilitate digestion. This quiz covers essential concepts of human anatomy and physiology related to digestion.
