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Questions and Answers
Which of the following glands secrete saliva that lubricates and moistens food?
What is the primary function of mastication in the digestive process?
What is the name of the rounded mass of food formed in the mouth?
Which muscles are responsible for the movement of the lower jaw during chewing?
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What is the purpose of the saliva produced by the salivary glands?
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What is the location of the salivary glands that produce saliva?
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What is the primary purpose of the gallbladder in the digestive process?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with celiac disease?
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What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat gallstones?
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Which of the following types of medication is commonly used to treat GERD?
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What is the primary treatment option for celiac disease?
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Which part of the digestive tract is most commonly affected by Crohn's disease?
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What is the primary function of the pharynx in relation to respiratory and digestive systems?
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What is the approximate length of the esophagus?
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What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube in relation to the pharynx?
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What type of contractions facilitate the transport of food through the esophagus?
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How do liquids behave when swallowed in an upright position?
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What is the time frame for the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter after swallowing a liquid?
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What is the location of the hepatic flexure in relation to the liver?
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Where is the transverse colon typically located?
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What is the path of the descending colon?
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What is the sigmoid colon divided into?
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What is the location of the iliac colon in relation to the psoas muscle?
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What is the rectal ampulla in contact with in the female?
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What is the approximate ratio of women to men in having IBS?
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What percentage of people with IBS symptoms see a doctor?
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What is the term for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols?
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What is the primary location of diverticulitis?
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What is the primary cause of problems in diverticulitis?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- The digestive system involves physical and chemical breakdown of ingested food and elimination of nondigestible wastes
- Accessory organs include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- Main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Mouth and Oral Structures
- Chewing (mastication) prepares food for transport to the stomach and small intestine
- Muscles of mastication include masseter, temporal, medial and lateral pterygoids, and buccinator
- Saliva lubricates and moistens food, and chewing distributes saliva throughout the food mass
- Tongue movements help form a rounded mass (bolus) of food
Gallstones
- Gallstones form when cholesterol deposits harden in the gallbladder
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and pain between the shoulder blades
- Treatment options include medication, lifestyle changes, and cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal surgery)
Celiac Disease
- Celiac disease is a digestive disorder caused by gluten consumption
- Symptoms include bloating, diarrhea, constipation, gas, vomiting, foul-smelling fatty stools, and stomach pain
- Main treatment is a gluten-free diet
Crohn's Disease
- Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- It can affect any part of the digestive tract, but is most commonly found in the small intestine
Pharynx
- The pharynx permits the passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus
- It also connects to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube and provides air pressure equalization on the eardrum membrane
Esophagus
- The esophagus is about 25 cm (10 inches) in length and varies in width from 1.5 to 2 cm (about 1 inch)
- It passes food from the pharynx to the stomach through primary esophageal peristaltic contractions
- Liquids are handled differently depending on body position and gravity
Colon
- The ascending colon extends from the cecum at the level of the ileocecal valve to the hepatic flexure
- The transverse colon is variable in position, depending on stomach distention
- The descending colon passes down and in front of the left kidney and posterior abdominal wall to the iliac crest
- The sigmoid colon is divided into iliac and pelvic parts
Rectum and Anus
- The rectum begins in front of the midsacrum and ends in the rectal ampulla
- It is in contact with the rear surface of the prostate in males and posterior vaginal wall in females
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- IBS is a disorder characterized by nine symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and others
- IBS is more common in women, but undertreated
- Treatment options include diet, lifestyle changes, stress reduction, and limiting high-FODMAP foods
Diverticulitis
- Diverticulitis is characterized by small pouches that protrude from weak spots in the large intestine or colon
- Most people have no symptoms, but inflammation can cause problems
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Description
Learn about the organs and glands involved in the digestion and elimination of food, including the main organs and accessory organs. Understand the role of each in the digestive process.
