Digestive System Organs

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following glands secrete saliva that lubricates and moistens food?

  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
  • All of the above (correct)

What is the primary function of mastication in the digestive process?

  • To break down food chemically
  • To mix food with saliva
  • To absorb nutrients
  • To reduce food to small particles (correct)

What is the name of the rounded mass of food formed in the mouth?

  • Bolus (correct)
  • Morsel
  • Pellet
  • Mouthful

Which muscles are responsible for the movement of the lower jaw during chewing?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the saliva produced by the salivary glands?

<p>To lubricate and moisten food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the salivary glands that produce saliva?

<p>Externally to the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the gallbladder in the digestive process?

<p>To store and concentrate bile for fat digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with celiac disease?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat gallstones?

<p>Cholecystectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of medication is commonly used to treat GERD?

<p>Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment option for celiac disease?

<p>Eating a gluten-free diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive tract is most commonly affected by Crohn's disease?

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pharynx in relation to respiratory and digestive systems?

<p>Conducts air to and from the trachea and permits passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the esophagus?

<p>25 cm (10 inches) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube in relation to the pharynx?

<p>To equalize air pressure on the eardrum membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of contractions facilitate the transport of food through the esophagus?

<p>Primary esophageal peristaltic contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do liquids behave when swallowed in an upright position?

<p>They fall by gravity to the lower end of the esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter after swallowing a liquid?

<p>8 to 10 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the hepatic flexure in relation to the liver?

<p>Beneath and behind the right lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the transverse colon typically located?

<p>At the level of the 10th rib (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of the descending colon?

<p>Down and in front of the left kidney (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sigmoid colon divided into?

<p>Iliac and pelvic parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the iliac colon in relation to the psoas muscle?

<p>To the inner border of the psoas muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rectal ampulla in contact with in the female?

<p>The posterior vaginal wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of women to men in having IBS?

<p>Two times as often (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people with IBS symptoms see a doctor?

<p>One in every four people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols?

<p>FODMAP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of diverticulitis?

<p>Large intestine or colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of problems in diverticulitis?

<p>Inflammation of the pouches in the large intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Digestive System

  • The digestive system involves physical and chemical breakdown of ingested food and elimination of nondigestible wastes
  • Accessory organs include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
  • Main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Mouth and Oral Structures

  • Chewing (mastication) prepares food for transport to the stomach and small intestine
  • Muscles of mastication include masseter, temporal, medial and lateral pterygoids, and buccinator
  • Saliva lubricates and moistens food, and chewing distributes saliva throughout the food mass
  • Tongue movements help form a rounded mass (bolus) of food

Gallstones

  • Gallstones form when cholesterol deposits harden in the gallbladder
  • Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and pain between the shoulder blades
  • Treatment options include medication, lifestyle changes, and cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal surgery)

Celiac Disease

  • Celiac disease is a digestive disorder caused by gluten consumption
  • Symptoms include bloating, diarrhea, constipation, gas, vomiting, foul-smelling fatty stools, and stomach pain
  • Main treatment is a gluten-free diet

Crohn's Disease

  • Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • It can affect any part of the digestive tract, but is most commonly found in the small intestine

Pharynx

  • The pharynx permits the passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus
  • It also connects to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube and provides air pressure equalization on the eardrum membrane

Esophagus

  • The esophagus is about 25 cm (10 inches) in length and varies in width from 1.5 to 2 cm (about 1 inch)
  • It passes food from the pharynx to the stomach through primary esophageal peristaltic contractions
  • Liquids are handled differently depending on body position and gravity

Colon

  • The ascending colon extends from the cecum at the level of the ileocecal valve to the hepatic flexure
  • The transverse colon is variable in position, depending on stomach distention
  • The descending colon passes down and in front of the left kidney and posterior abdominal wall to the iliac crest
  • The sigmoid colon is divided into iliac and pelvic parts

Rectum and Anus

  • The rectum begins in front of the midsacrum and ends in the rectal ampulla
  • It is in contact with the rear surface of the prostate in males and posterior vaginal wall in females

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

  • IBS is a disorder characterized by nine symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and others
  • IBS is more common in women, but undertreated
  • Treatment options include diet, lifestyle changes, stress reduction, and limiting high-FODMAP foods

Diverticulitis

  • Diverticulitis is characterized by small pouches that protrude from weak spots in the large intestine or colon
  • Most people have no symptoms, but inflammation can cause problems

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