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Questions and Answers
By working through these objectives, you will learn to pull out the most _____________ pieces of information from lecture.
By working through these objectives, you will learn to pull out the most _____________ pieces of information from lecture.
value
Each question on your lecture exam is derived from these _____________.
Each question on your lecture exam is derived from these _____________.
objectives
An understanding of the unique partnerships between the various organs of the _____________ system will help students understand the fundamentals of nutrition.
An understanding of the unique partnerships between the various organs of the _____________ system will help students understand the fundamentals of nutrition.
digestive
The components of the digestive system include the _____________, pharynx, and esophagus.
The components of the digestive system include the _____________, pharynx, and esophagus.
The general functions of the digestive system include _____________ and ingestion.
The general functions of the digestive system include _____________ and ingestion.
The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, _____________, and ileum.
The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, _____________, and ileum.
The large intestine is composed of the cecum, ascending colon, _____________ colon, and sigmoid colon.
The large intestine is composed of the cecum, ascending colon, _____________ colon, and sigmoid colon.
The anus is the final part of the large intestine, leading to the _____________ canal.
The anus is the final part of the large intestine, leading to the _____________ canal.
Gastrin stimulates ______________ cells to secrete HCl and ECL cells to secrete histamine.
Gastrin stimulates ______________ cells to secrete HCl and ECL cells to secrete histamine.
The presence of ______________ chyme in the duodenum triggers the enterogastric reflex.
The presence of ______________ chyme in the duodenum triggers the enterogastric reflex.
The enterogastric reflex inhibits ______________ secretion and motility, and tightens the pyloric sphincter.
The enterogastric reflex inhibits ______________ secretion and motility, and tightens the pyloric sphincter.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the ______________ in response to fats and proteins in chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the ______________ in response to fats and proteins in chyme.
Secretin is secreted by the ______________ in response to acidic chyme.
Secretin is secreted by the ______________ in response to acidic chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by the ______________ in response to glucose and fat.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by the ______________ in response to glucose and fat.
Water is absorbed by ______________, following the absorption of solutes like carbohydrates and amino acids.
Water is absorbed by ______________, following the absorption of solutes like carbohydrates and amino acids.
CCK stimulates the secretion of ______________ enzymes and bile.
CCK stimulates the secretion of ______________ enzymes and bile.
Glycerol from lipids and certain amino acids can be converted into ______ (gluconeogenesis)
Glycerol from lipids and certain amino acids can be converted into ______ (gluconeogenesis)
The liver is the central hub for regulating the metabolism of all three ______
The liver is the central hub for regulating the metabolism of all three ______
______ is the dominant hormone, promoting uptake and storage of nutrients in absorptive metabolism
______ is the dominant hormone, promoting uptake and storage of nutrients in absorptive metabolism
______ is the dominant hormone, promoting the breakdown and release of stored nutrients in post-absorptive metabolism
______ is the dominant hormone, promoting the breakdown and release of stored nutrients in post-absorptive metabolism
In post-absorptive metabolism, the body is in a ______ state, breaking down energy reserves for fuel
In post-absorptive metabolism, the body is in a ______ state, breaking down energy reserves for fuel
If fasting continues, the body adapts to using ______ and ketone bodies as the main energy sources
If fasting continues, the body adapts to using ______ and ketone bodies as the main energy sources
Glycogenolysis, ______, and protein breakdown are favored in post-absorptive metabolism
Glycogenolysis, ______, and protein breakdown are favored in post-absorptive metabolism
Disorders such as ______ can disrupt the balance between energy storage and utilization, leading to metabolic dysfunction
Disorders such as ______ can disrupt the balance between energy storage and utilization, leading to metabolic dysfunction
The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ______ frenulum
The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ______ frenulum
The ______ muscle originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the tongue
The ______ muscle originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the tongue
The ______ papillae are large, circular papillae arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue
The ______ papillae are large, circular papillae arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue
The ______ salivary glands are located anterior to the ears and deep to the skin
The ______ salivary glands are located anterior to the ears and deep to the skin
The ______ papillae are thin, thread-like papillae covering most of the tongue's surface
The ______ papillae are thin, thread-like papillae covering most of the tongue's surface
The ______ muscle runs from the chin to the tongue, supporting and moving the tongue
The ______ muscle runs from the chin to the tongue, supporting and moving the tongue
The ______ salivary glands are located beneath the tongue
The ______ salivary glands are located beneath the tongue
The ______ papillae are mushroom-shaped papillae scattered across the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
The ______ papillae are mushroom-shaped papillae scattered across the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
The pulp cavity is the hollow space within the center of the tooth that contains the _______________, which consists of nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue.
The pulp cavity is the hollow space within the center of the tooth that contains the _______________, which consists of nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue.
The root canal is the portion of the _______________ that extends through the root of the tooth.
The root canal is the portion of the _______________ that extends through the root of the tooth.
The apical foramen is the opening at the tip of the root through which the nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the _______________.
The apical foramen is the opening at the tip of the root through which the nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the _______________.
There are 32 _______________ teeth in total, with 16 in each jaw (8 on the right and 8 on the left).
There are 32 _______________ teeth in total, with 16 in each jaw (8 on the right and 8 on the left).
The dental formula for one quadrant of the mouth is 2:1:2:3 (2 _______________: 1 canine: 2 premolars: 3 molars).
The dental formula for one quadrant of the mouth is 2:1:2:3 (2 _______________: 1 canine: 2 premolars: 3 molars).
The third molars are also called _______________ teeth.
The third molars are also called _______________ teeth.
The pharynx is also known as the _______________.
The pharynx is also known as the _______________.
The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the _______________ and larynx.
The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the _______________ and larynx.
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Study Notes
Digestive System Components
- The digestive system consists of:
- Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
- Accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)
Functions of the Digestive System
- General functions:
- Ingestion
- Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and ECL cells to secrete histamine, which stimulates HCl secretion
- Gastrin also increases gastric motility and promotes the growth of gastric mucosa
Intestinal Phase
- Enterogastric reflex:
- Triggered by the presence of chyme in the duodenum, especially if it's acidic, fatty, or hyperosmotic
- Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the duodenum initiate this reflex
- Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, and tightens the pyloric sphincter
- Slows gastric emptying, preventing overloading of the duodenum
- Hormonal mechanisms:
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the duodenum in response to fats and proteins in chyme
- Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile
- Secretin is secreted by the duodenum in response to acidic chyme
- Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate to neutralize the acid
- Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by the duodenum in response to glucose and fat
- Inhibits gastric secretion and motility
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the duodenum in response to fats and proteins in chyme
Absorption Mechanisms
- Water:
- Absorbed by osmosis, following the absorption of solutes like carbohydrates and amino acids
- Glycerol from lipids and certain amino acids can be converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
- Acetyl-CoA from lipids and certain amino acids can be used to produce ketone bodies
- The liver is the central hub for regulating the metabolism of all three macronutrients
- Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins:
- Absorbed through different mechanisms in the small intestine
Absorptive vs. Post-Absorptive Metabolism
- Absorptive Metabolism:
- Occurs after a meal when nutrients are being absorbed from the digestive tract
- Characterized by high blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids
- Insulin is the dominant hormone, promoting uptake and storage of nutrients
- Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis are favored
- The body is in an anabolic state, building and storing energy reserves
- Post-Absorptive Metabolism:
- Occurs between meals or during fasting when no nutrients are being absorbed
- Characterized by low blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids
- Glucagon is the dominant hormone, promoting the breakdown and release of stored nutrients
- Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown are favored
- The body is in a catabolic state, breaking down energy reserves for fuel
Mouth Structure
- Tongue:
- Attached to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum
- Extrinsic tongue muscles:
- Hyoglossus: attaches the tongue to the hyoid bone
- Genioglossus: runs from the chin to the tongue, supporting and moving the tongue
- Styloglossus: originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the tongue
- Papillae:
- Small, bump-like projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds and help with the manipulation of food
- Four types of papillae: vallate, foliate, fungiform, and filiform
Salivary Glands
- Exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity
- Three main pairs of salivary glands:
- Parotid salivary glands:
- Located anterior to the ears and deep to the skin
- Secrete saliva through ducts that open near the upper second molars
- Submandibular salivary glands:
- Located beneath the mandible
- Ducts open under the tongue, near the lingual frenulum
- Sublingual salivary glands:
- Smallest salivary glands
- Located beneath the tongue
- Parotid salivary glands:
Tooth Structure
- Pulp cavity:
- Hollow space within the center of the tooth that contains the pulp, which consists of nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue
- Extends from the crown to the root
- Root canal:
- Portion of the pulp cavity that extends through the root of the tooth
- Contains the nerve and blood supply for the tooth
- Apical foramen:
- Opening at the tip of the root through which the nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the pulp cavity
Teeth
- Permanent teeth (also known as Adult Teeth):
- Second set of teeth that replace the primary (deciduous) teeth
- 32 permanent teeth in total, with 16 in each jaw
- Types of permanent teeth:
- Incisors (lateral & central): four front teeth in each jaw, used for cutting and biting
- Cuspids (canines): pointed teeth next to the incisors, used for tearing and gripping food
- Premolars (bicuspids): teeth behind the cuspids, used for grinding and crushing food
- Molars: large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, used for grinding and chewing food
Dental Formula
- Represents the number and types of teeth in each quadrant of the mouth
- For permanent teeth, the dental formula for one quadrant is: 2:1:2:3 (2 incisors: 1 canine: 2 premolars: 3 molars)
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