Biology Chapter: Digestive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the digestive tract?

  • Store nutrients for later use
  • Produce hormones to regulate digestion
  • Chemically digest food
  • Mechanically digest food and absorb nutrients (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a major digestive gland?

  • Gallbladder
  • Liver
  • Esophageal gland (correct)
  • Pancreas

    • What is the function of serous cells in the digestive glands?

  • Absorb nutrients from food
  • Synthesize enzymes to digest food (correct)
  • Regulate hormone secretion
  • Produce mucus to lubricate food

    • What is the characteristic feature of mucous cells in the digestive glands?

    <p>Cuboidal to columnar shape with lightly stained cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

    <p>Produce bile to digest fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>Synthesize enzymes to digest proteins and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gallbladder responsible for in the digestive system?

    <p>Storing bile from the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of the digestive glands?

    <p>Compound tubuloacinar glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of striated ducts?

    <p>To reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the main duct?

    <p>Stratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland has primarily serous acini?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the secreted products of the sublingual gland?

    <p>Mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the duct system of the sublingual gland?

    <p>It has no intercalated duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland has the longest intercalated duct?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mucous cells in the mixed acinus?

    <p>To secrete mucoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myoepithelial cells?

    <p>Contraction to move secretory products and prevent distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are entirely absent in the secretory acinus of the pancreas?

    <p>Myoepithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of the serous cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Polarized, pyramidal shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the intercalated duct?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serous cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Producing digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the striated duct?

    <p>Basal striations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can differentiate from the cells in the intercalated duct?

    <p>Both secretory cells and ductal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pancreas?

    <p>A mixed exocrine-endocrine gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is composed of mainly mucous acini?

    <p>Sublingual gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of myoepithelial cells?

    <p>Inside the basal lamina surrounding acini, tubules, and the proximal ends of the duct system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the centroacinar cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the tunica in the pancreas?

    <p>A thin capsule of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands has a short duct?

    <p>Sublingual gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes the exocytosis of digestive enzymes from secretory granules?

    <p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the intercalated ducts?

    <p>Simple squamous or low cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Secretin?

    <p>Promote water and HCO3- secretion by duct cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

    <p>Producing pancreatic juice rich in digestive proenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are more abundant in the tail of the pancreas?

    <p>Cells of the islet of Langerhans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon?

    <p>Make energy stored in glycogen and fat release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the main pancreatic duct?

    <p>High columnar with goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much pancreatic juice is secreted daily?

    <p>~1.5 L/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system consists of an open, continuous canal from the oral cavity to the anus, which mechanically digests food and absorbs nutrients.
    • The digestive system also includes digestive glands, which chemically digest food.

    Digestive Glands

    • The digestive glands are composed of major and minor glands.
    • The major glands include:
      • Major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands)
      • Liver
      • Pancreas
      • Gallbladder
    • The minor glands include:
      • Small salivary glands
      • Esophageal glands
      • Gastric glands
      • Intestinal glands
    • The digestive glands function to chemically digest food.

    Structure and Function of Pancreas

    • The pancreas is a mixed exocrine-endocrine gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones.
    • The pancreas has a thin capsule of connective tissue (tunica) and a parenchyma that consists of exocrine and endocrine portions.
    • The exocrine portion is a compound tubuloacinar gland that produces digestive enzymes.
    • The endocrine portion is composed of islets of Langerhans, which produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

    Exocrine Portion of Pancreas

    • The exocrine portion consists of:
      • Secretory acini: entirely serous cells that produce digestive enzymes.
      • Centroacinar cells: small, pale-stained cells unique to the pancreas.
      • Absence of myoepithelial cells.
    • The ducts of the exocrine portion include:
      • Intercalated ducts: simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium.
      • Intralobular ducts: low cuboidal epithelium.
      • Interlobular ducts: cuboidal to low columnar epithelium.
      • Main pancreatic duct: high columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
    • The functions of the exocrine portion include:
      • Producing pancreatic juice, which is a high pH fluid rich in digestive proenzymes.
      • Neutralizing acidic chyme from the stomach.
      • Activating enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

    Endocrine Portion of Pancreas

    • The endocrine portion is composed of islets of Langerhans, which are rounded clusters of cells.
    • The cells of the endocrine portion are lightly stained, arranged in cords separated by a network of capillaries.
    • The cell types of the endocrine portion include:
      • A cells: produce glucagon, which stimulates the release of energy from stored glycogen and fat.
      • B cells: produce insulin, which promotes the uptake of glucose by cells.
      • D cells: produce somatostatin, which inhibits the release of other hormones.
      • PP cells: produce pancreatic polypeptide, which regulates pancreatic secretions.

    Major Salivary Glands

    • The major salivary glands include:
      • Parotid gland: a branched acinar gland that produces a serous secretion.
      • Submandibular gland: a branched tubuloacinar gland that produces a mixed secretion.
      • Sublingual gland: a branched tubuloacinar gland that produces a mucous secretion.
    • The structure of the major salivary glands includes:
      • A capsule and septa (connective tissue).
      • Lobules with a secretory portion and a branching duct system.
      • The duct system includes intercalated ducts, striated ducts, and main ducts.

    Summary of Major Salivary Glands

    • The parotid gland has:
      • Serous acini.
      • Long intercalated ducts.
      • Short striated ducts.
      • Secretes products containing more salivary amylase.
    • The submandibular gland has:
      • Mixed acini, primarily serous.
      • Short intercalated ducts.
      • Longer striated ducts.
      • Secretes products containing less amylase and more mucus.
    • The sublingual gland has:
      • Mixed acini, mainly mucous.
      • Absent intercalated ducts.
      • Short striated ducts.
      • Secretes products containing mainly mucus.

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    Description

    Learn about the digestive system, including the digestive tract and glands. Understand the components and functions of each.

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