GIT physiology

<p>The conscious control of skeletal muscle movement in the mouth and esophagus, allowing for voluntary swallowing and chewing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motility involves both mixing and moving the contents of the digestive tract, ensuring efficient digestion and absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of gastric motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down food into smaller pieces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased gastric motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H+-K+ ATPase pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a counterion for Cl- ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased gastric motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uvula helps to prevent food from entering the nasal passages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the flow of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting the absorption of water in the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mastication is a process of voluntary muscle contractions that facilitate swallowing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical mixing and churning of food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The esophagus and stomach are both lined with smooth muscle that aids in peristalsis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea and the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrin plays a significant role in both increasing gastric motility and stimulating the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the enterogastric reflex, the duodenum sends signals to the stomach, triggering the release of inhibitory hormones that slow down gastric emptying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both Secretin and Cholecystokinin (CCK). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of chyme in the duodenum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stimulation of gastric juice production and release of gastrin, primarily driven by neural signals from the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of gastric juice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the enterogastric reflex, the duodenum sends signals to the stomach, triggering the release of inhibitory hormones that slow down gastric emptying. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile salts primarily contribute to the emulsification of fats, increasing their surface area for enzymatic digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absorption of all vitamins is dependent on adequate levels of active vitamin D, which is essential for facilitating their uptake into the intestinal epithelial cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, which increases the osmotic pressure of the duodenal contents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile emulsifies lipids, increasing their surface area and facilitating the action of pancreatic lipase for digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absorption of iron is a tightly regulated process, with less than 10% of ingested iron being absorbed, and women generally absorb more than men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By tightly regulating the secretion and absorption of acid and base, ensuring a neutral pH balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the recycling of bile salts between the small intestine and the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CCK (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of insulin and glucagon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver receives blood from both the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile is diverted to the gallbladder between meals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of bile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown of proteins from the carboxyl end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Four basic processes: motility, secretion, digestion, absorption.

Contraction of smooth muscle for mixing and moving contents in GIT.

Release of substances like mucus, enzymes, and hormones during digestion.

Chemical breakdown of large food molecules into smaller absorbable units.

Transfer of digested nutrients from GIT into blood or lymph.

Hormones released by the gastrointestinal tract that regulate digestion.

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and osmoreceptors that detect stimuli related to digestion.

Main roles include mastication, swallowing initiation, salivation, and taste perception.

Mechanical breakdown of food by teeth through slicing and grinding.

Saliva consists of 99.5% water and 0.5% electrolytes, proteins, and mucus.

Includes initiating digestion, antibacterial action, dissolving molecules, and aiding swallowing.

Pharynx is a common passageway; esophagus moves food to the stomach via peristalsis.

Involves voluntary and reflex actions for moving food from the mouth to the stomach.

Expansion of stomach cavity with minimal increase in pressure.

Churning action in the pyloric antrium that breaks food into chyme.

Controlled propulsion of chyme into the duodenum during peristalsis.

Involves contraction of muscles while stomach and esophagus relax.

Secreted by parietal cells to activate pepsinogen and aid digestion.

Denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.

Initial phase preparing the stomach for food arrival.

Increased secretion that starts digestion of proteins in the stomach.

Phase of digestion controlling gastric emptying and hormone release.

Hormone increasing production of HCl and gastric motility.

Hormone that decreases gastric motility and secretion.

Reflex triggered by duodenum distension affecting gastric contraction.

Roles include bile secretion, nutrient processing, and detoxifying.

Transmembrane proteins that facilitate the passage of sodium ions (Na+) across the cell membrane.

A co-transport carrier that simultaneously transports sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) into cells.

The movement of water is driven by osmotic gradients without the need for energy.

Vitamin B12 is absorbed through receptor-mediated endocytosis, requiring a complex with intrinsic factor.

Iron is absorbed in varying amounts based on its form, with heme iron being more efficiently absorbed than Fe2+ and Fe3+.

Calcium absorption in the intestines requires the activation of Vitamin D.

Diarrhea leads to loss of fluids and electrolytes, often causing dehydration and metabolic acidosis.

Most nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed through the liver, except for lipids which enter the lymphatic system.

The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein for processing.

Vein that carries venous blood from the digestive tract to the liver.

A substance secreted by the liver, aiding in fat digestion and containing salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin.

Organ that stores and concentrates bile between meals.

Derivatives of cholesterol that aid in fat digestion and are recycled in enterohepatic circulation.

The recycling process of bile salts between the liver and the intestine.

Bile salts convert large fat globules into smaller droplets for absorption.

Aggregates of bile salts and fats that aid in fat digestion and absorption.

Bilirubin, a waste product, is excreted via bile and has no role in digestion.

A gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions, located behind the stomach.

Enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Main enzyme responsible for fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreatic enzymes (like trypsin) that break down proteins; secreted in inactive forms.