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What is the process of transforming food into basic nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body called?
What is the process of transforming food into basic nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body called?
Digestion
What process begins in the mouth with chewing?
What process begins in the mouth with chewing?
Mechanical digestion
What is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food mixtures along the GI tract called?
What is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food mixtures along the GI tract called?
Peristalsis
What are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions called?
What are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions called?
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What is the long hollow tube consisting of several layers of tissue that begins with the mouth and ends at the anus called?
What is the long hollow tube consisting of several layers of tissue that begins with the mouth and ends at the anus called?
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Which of the following is the inner-most layer of the GI tract, made of absorption cells and glands?
Which of the following is the inner-most layer of the GI tract, made of absorption cells and glands?
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Which of the following processes does NOT require energy to move substances in or out of the cell? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following processes does NOT require energy to move substances in or out of the cell? (Select all that apply)
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Which section of the small intestine is wider than the remainder of the small intestine?
Which section of the small intestine is wider than the remainder of the small intestine?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the GI tract, but aids in digestion? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is NOT part of the GI tract, but aids in digestion? (Select all that apply)
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What is the watery fluid containing a lubricant (mucus) and enzymes that prepares food for the next step in the GI tract?
What is the watery fluid containing a lubricant (mucus) and enzymes that prepares food for the next step in the GI tract?
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What enzyme breaks down starches in the mouth?
What enzyme breaks down starches in the mouth?
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What is the circular muscle located at the end of the esophagus called?
What is the circular muscle located at the end of the esophagus called?
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What substance results when food particles are mixed with stomach acids and enzymes?
What substance results when food particles are mixed with stomach acids and enzymes?
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What hormone controls the concentration of acid in the stomach?
What hormone controls the concentration of acid in the stomach?
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What is the glycoprotein produced in the stomach that is essential for vitamin B-12 absorption?
What is the glycoprotein produced in the stomach that is essential for vitamin B-12 absorption?
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What is the final section of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine?
What is the final section of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine?
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What small finger-like projections in the folds of the small intestine help trap food and are necessary for digestion and absorption?
What small finger-like projections in the folds of the small intestine help trap food and are necessary for digestion and absorption?
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What organ secretes bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder?
What organ secretes bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder?
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What organ releases pancreatic juice, a mixture of water, bicarbonate, and enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
What organ releases pancreatic juice, a mixture of water, bicarbonate, and enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
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What connects the small intestine to the large intestine and prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine?
What connects the small intestine to the large intestine and prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine?
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What are the four sections of the large intestine?
What are the four sections of the large intestine?
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What are the two types of beneficial bacteria that are important to our health?
What are the two types of beneficial bacteria that are important to our health?
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What are foods that contain good bacteria called?
What are foods that contain good bacteria called?
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What are substances that stimulate bacterial growth in the large intestine called?
What are substances that stimulate bacterial growth in the large intestine called?
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What occurs when stomach acid comes up the esophagus, causing a burning sensation?
What occurs when stomach acid comes up the esophagus, causing a burning sensation?
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What condition occurs if heartburn is experienced multiple times in a week?
What condition occurs if heartburn is experienced multiple times in a week?
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What condition is characterized by hard, dry, and infrequent stools, often the result of slow movement through the large intestine?
What condition is characterized by hard, dry, and infrequent stools, often the result of slow movement through the large intestine?
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What condition is characterized by loose, watery, and frequent stools, often caused by infection or disease?
What condition is characterized by loose, watery, and frequent stools, often caused by infection or disease?
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What condition develops as we age and involves small pouches pushing out through weak spots in the colon?
What condition develops as we age and involves small pouches pushing out through weak spots in the colon?
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What condition includes bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and/or constipation, often associated with gas-producing foods, milk products, alcohol, caffeine, and fat?
What condition includes bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and/or constipation, often associated with gas-producing foods, milk products, alcohol, caffeine, and fat?
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What are sores that can occur in the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine, often caused by bacteria or certain medications?
What are sores that can occur in the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine, often caused by bacteria or certain medications?
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What is the most common source of carbohydrates for daily sustenance?
What is the most common source of carbohydrates for daily sustenance?
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What is the storage form of glucose, stored in the muscle or liver to help maintain blood glucose levels?
What is the storage form of glucose, stored in the muscle or liver to help maintain blood glucose levels?
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What simple sugar is the sweetest tasting sugar and is found in fruits?
What simple sugar is the sweetest tasting sugar and is found in fruits?
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What simple sugar is the primary sugar in milk?
What simple sugar is the primary sugar in milk?
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What disaccharide is commonly known as the milk sugar?
What disaccharide is commonly known as the milk sugar?
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What enzyme breaks down starch into disaccharides in the mouth?
What enzyme breaks down starch into disaccharides in the mouth?
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What enzyme released by the pancreas further breaks down polysaccharides into mono and disaccharides?
What enzyme released by the pancreas further breaks down polysaccharides into mono and disaccharides?
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What enzyme digests maltose, yielding two glucose units?
What enzyme digests maltose, yielding two glucose units?
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What enzyme digests sucrose, producing glucose and fructose?
What enzyme digests sucrose, producing glucose and fructose?
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What enzyme digests lactose, yielding glucose and galactose?
What enzyme digests lactose, yielding glucose and galactose?
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What is the inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose called?
What is the inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose called?
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What are the two types of enzymes important for the digestion of carbohydrates?
What are the two types of enzymes important for the digestion of carbohydrates?
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Study Notes
Digestion Overview
- Digestion transforms food into absorbable nutrients.
- Without digestion, consumed nutrients are useless.
- Sensory input (cognition, sound, odor, appearance, taste) triggers digestive processes, beginning even before food enters the mouth.
- Thoughts, sounds, smells, sights, and tastes influence saliva flow and hunger responses. Taste begins as food enters the mouth and also from how it feels.
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
- Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing.
- Peristalsis (involuntary muscle contractions) moves food through the GI tract.
- Chemical digestion involves enzymes, acid, bile, and mucus.
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, breaking down food for nutrient absorption.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Structure and Function
- The GI tract is a hollow tube with multiple tissue layers.
- Nutrient absorption occurs across the mucosa (intestinal wall).
- Circular and longitudinal muscles mix and move food.
- Sphincter muscles control the flow of food.
- Nutrients move into the bloodstream via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
- Passive diffusion moves substances from high to low concentrations without energy.
- Facilitated diffusion uses protein carriers to move substances from high to low concentrations without energy.
- Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient using energy.
Main Parts of the GI Tract
- Mouth: alters food particles for swallowing, mechanical digestion (chewing), saliva (mucus), salivary amylase (starch breakdown), lingual lipase (fat breakdown)
- Esophagus: transports food to stomach, epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
- Stomach: stores, mixes, dissolves, and digests food, gastric juice (enzymes), pepsin (protein breakdown), gastric lipase (fat digestion), chyme (watery mixture), gastrin (controls stomach acid), mucus protects stomach from acid, intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum): majority of digestion and absorption, villi increase surface area, bile from liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice (water, bicarbonate, enzymes) aid digestion (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), ileocecal sphincter prevents large intestine contents from re-entering the small intestine.
- Large Intestine (colon): digests remaining food products, fiber fermentation by bacteria, feces formed, includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections.
- Rectum: temporary storage of feces.
- Anus: expulsion of waste.
Accessory Organs
- Salivary glands: produce saliva.
- Liver: produces bile.
- Gallbladder: stores bile.
- Pancreas: produces pancreatic juice (enzymes, bicarbonate).
Macronutrients: Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates (CHO): source of energy (4 kcal/gram), mainly from plants, simple or complex.
- Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) are simple sugars.
- Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) are two monosaccharides joined.
- Complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, fiber): many glucose units.
- Fiber (insoluble, soluble, functional) is indigestible, promotes bowel health and slows glucose absorption, increases stool mass, and speeds transit through the colon. Digested by bacteria.
- Enzymes like salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase) break down carbohydrates.
- Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose.
Digestive Disorders
- Heartburn (acid reflux), GERD, constipation, diarrhea, diverticulosis, IBS, and peptic ulcers are common digestive issues.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes involved in digestion, from the sensory inputs that initiate it to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Learn about the gastrointestinal tract and how nutrients are absorbed effectively. This quiz covers key concepts in the digestion process necessary for understanding nutrition.
