Questions and Answers
What is the initial step in the digestion process of an Amoeba?
Which structure in Amoeba plays a critical role in digestion by fusing with lysosomes?
What type of nutrition does Amoeba exhibit?
Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as present in the lysosomes of Amoeba?
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What is the term for the process by which Amoeba engulfs food?
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What is the purpose of assimilation in the digestive process of Amoeba?
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After digestion, what happens to the excess nutrients in Amoeba?
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During the process of egestion in Amoeba, what happens to undigested food?
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What is the digestion method where food is broken down inside vacuoles by nutritive-muscle cells in Hydra?
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What type of enzyme is trypsin, and what does it primarily digest?
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In Hydra, where does absorption of nutrients primarily occur?
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Which of the following substances can Hydra digest?
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How are indigestible residues expelled from Hydra?
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Which category of animals includes giraffes, deer, and cattle?
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What type of digestion is characterized by enzymes acting on disintegrated food outside gastrodermal cells?
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Which of the following statements is true about Hydra's digestive system?
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What is the function of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
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What role do villi play in the small intestine?
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Which of the following processes occurs in the large intestine?
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What function does salivary amylase serve in digestion?
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Which organ secretes pancreatic enzymes for digestion?
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What is the main digestive function of the liver?
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What is the role of the stomach's muscle in the lower part?
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What is chyme?
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What triggers the wave of peristalsis in the esophagus?
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What is the pH range of gastric juice?
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Which cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?
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What is the role of pepsinogens in the stomach?
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What happens to the pyloric sphincter during active digestion in the stomach?
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Which hormone is secreted by the duodenum during intestinal digestion?
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What type of medium does pancreatic juice work in?
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What is the consequence of the stomach's acidic environment on salivary amylase?
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What is the primary function of pancreatic lipase in digestion?
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Which enzymes are activated by enterokinase in the digestive process?
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What is the role of bile salts in fat digestion?
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What is the pH of bile, and why is it significant?
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During digestion, which substances are converted by pancreatic amylase?
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Where does the final breakdown of peptides into amino acids occur?
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Which substance aids in the solubility of fatty acids for absorption?
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What is the pH range that pancreatic enzymes, such as amylase and lipase, function best?
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Study Notes
Digestion in Amoeba
- Digestion process in Amoeba includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
- Heterotrophic nutrition is achieved through phagocytosis, allowing Amoeba to engulf food particles like bacteria, algae, and protozoans using pseudopodia.
- Intracellular digestion occurs within food vacuoles formed from engulfed food, which fuse with lysosomes containing enzymes.
- Enzymes such as proteases, nucleases, and lipases break down food particles during digestion.
- Nutrients from digested food are absorbed to support cellular growth and energy; excess is stored as glycogen or lipids.
- Egestion involves expelling undigested material through the vacuole.
Digestion in Hydra
- Hydra exhibits both intracellular and extracellular digestion; fragments of food are engulfed by nutritive-muscle cells.
- Gastrovascular cavity serves for digestion and nutrient circulation; proteins, fats, and carbohydrates can be digested, with starch being indigestible.
- Absorption occurs as nutrients diffuse from the gastrodermal cells post-digestion.
- Egestion of indigestible residues is achieved through muscular contractions, with the mouth also functioning as an anus.
Nutrition in Ruminants
- Ruminants belong to the suborder Ruminantia and order Artiodactyla, including giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep, and goats.
- They possess a four-chambered stomach that facilitates complex digestion, mixing food with hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen to form chyme.
Human Alimentary Canal
- Small Intestine: Once food reaches the duodenum, it mixes with pancreatic enzymes and bile, leading to nutrient absorption via villi, which connect to capillaries for nutrient uptake.
- Large Intestine: Absorbs remaining water and nutrients; transforms waste into stool, stored in the rectum until egestion through the anus.
Associated Digestive Glands
- Salivary Glands: Produce saliva containing salivary amylase, facilitating starch digestion.
- Stomach Glands: Secrete hydrochloric acid, creating an acidic environment for pepsin to digest proteins.
- Liver: Breaks down fats, processes nutrients, filters impurities, and generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
- Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic enzymes for digestion, with peristalsis aiding bolus movement through the esophagus to the stomach.
Digestive Process in the Stomach
- Gastric juice, consisting of water, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes, facilitates protein breakdown into polypeptides.
- Churning movements mix food with digestive juices, and peristaltic waves propel the mixture towards the duodenum.
Digestive Process in the Small Intestine
- Pancreatic juice raises pH for optimal enzyme activity; trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins, while amylase and lipase target carbohydrates and fats, respectively.
- Bile emulsifies fats into smaller droplets, enhancing fat digestion.
- Intestinal juice further breaks down emulsified fats and carbohydrates, helping absorb nutrients through enterocytes.
Enzymatic Actions
- Pancreatic Juice: Activates with alkaline pH; involved in protein (trypsin, chymotrypsin), carbohydrate (amylase), and fat (lipase) digestion.
- Bile: Contains bile salts that emulsify fats for better enzyme action.
- Intestinal Juice: Completes digestion of fats and carbohydrates; contains enzymes like sucrase, maltase, and lactase for monosaccharide production.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of digestion in both Amoeba and Hydra. This quiz covers the stages of digestion, including ingestion and egestion, as well as the specific mechanisms like phagocytosis and the role of the gastrovascular cavity. Test your knowledge on how these organisms obtain and process nutrients.
