Differential Reinforcement in Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What are the dual effects of differential reinforcement?

  • It strengthens the target behavior and weakens functionally similar behaviors. (correct)
  • It weakens both target and alternative behaviors.
  • It strengthens functionally similar behaviors and weakens the target behavior.
  • It has no effect on the target behavior, only weakening other behaviors.

What impact has differential reinforcement had, particularly on the educational practices?

  • It has had a minimal impact on educational practices.
  • It has complicated the educational practices for young children.
  • It has revolutionized educational and care practices, especially for children with intellectual developmental disorder and severe problem behaviors. (correct)
  • It has been deemed ineffective in educational settings.

What is a primary focus of differential reinforcement, beyond reducing problem behavior?

  • To discourage analysts from studying behavior in new ways.
  • To maintain and develop new behavior in different settings. (correct)
  • To demonstrate the limits of current behavior management techniques.
  • To complicate the process of behavior modification.

What might make differential reinforcement seem deceptively simple?

<p>The straightforward approach of reinforcing a desired behavior and not reinforcing others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between DRA and differential reinforcement?

<p>DRA is commonly known as differential reinforcement, which includes reinforcement of appropriate behavior over problem behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of the study by Ghaemmaghami, Hanley, and Jessel (2016) regarding maintaining socially important behavior despite delays?

<p>Socially important behavior could be maintained by immediately and intermittently reinforcing each behavior type and progressively strengthening behavior chains with delay termination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are initial behaviors in a response chain strengthened despite a lack of immediate reinforcement when using differential reinforcement?

<p>By being part of a progressive chain that ultimately leads to reinforcement, though the initial actions don't have immediate rewards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the development of behavior chains mitigate negative effects of delays to automatic reinforcement?

<p>By promoting more consistent engagement with materials and thereby reducing the occurrence of stereotypy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement?

<p>The number of responses needed to produce reinforcement remains constant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of differential reinforcement with delayed reinforcement, what strategy helps prevent the resurgence of problem behaviors?

<p>Strengthening appropriate behavior during the delay, so that behaviour is available for reinforcement at the end of the delay. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a variable-interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement?

<p>It delivers reinforcement after a varied time interval around a mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main factor impacting the effectiveness of differential reinforcement procedures based on magnitude?

<p>The practicality and social constraints of the reinforcer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'positive reinforcer'?

<p>A stimulus that is presented contingent on a response and causes the behavior to increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a social reinforcer from a nonsocial/automatic reinforcer?

<p>A social reinforcer is delivered by others, whilst automatic reinforcers occur directly from the behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In applied behavior analysis, which type of reinforcement is more frequently used in studies of differential reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement (e.g., attention, activities, edibles). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ratio Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement that delivers reinforcement based on the number of responses made.

Fixed-Ratio Schedule (FR)

A ratio schedule where the number of responses required for reinforcement remains constant. For example, in an FR 5 schedule, reinforcement is delivered after every 5 responses.

Differential Reinforcement of Increasingly Complex Chains of Behavior

A procedure that strengthens chains of behavior by gradually adding steps and providing reinforcement for each step completed.

Intermittent Reinforcement of Initial Behaviors

A technique that involves providing immediate reinforcement for each behavior in a chain, even if the behavior itself doesn't directly lead to the final reward, to strengthen the initial steps in the chain.

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Resurgence of Problem Behavior

The reappearance of previously extinguished problem behavior when a delay occurs.

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Variable-Interval (VI) schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a certain amount of time has passed, but the time interval varies around an average. For example, the first response after 10, 30, 80, or 90 seconds might be reinforced in a VI 60-second schedule. This schedule encourages consistent responses with little pausing.

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Reinforcer Magnitude

The amount or duration of a reinforcer. For example, a teacher might only be available for 5 minutes to provide feedback, limiting the amount of time available for the reinforcer.

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Positive Reinforcement

Providing a reward after a behavior occurs, increasing the likelihood of that behavior happening again. For example, giving a child a cookie after they clean their room.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something aversive or unwanted after a behavior occurs, increasing the likelihood of that behavior happening again. For example, taking away a chore after a child finishes their homework.

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Nonsocial Reinforcers

Reinforcers that are directly related to the behavior, such as the satisfaction of getting a drink from a vending machine.

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Differential Reinforcement

A procedure that increases the frequency of a desired behavior by delivering reinforcement only when that specific behavior occurs, while withholding reinforcement for other behaviors.

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Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

A type of differential reinforcement where a desired alternative behavior is reinforced, while the problem behavior is ignored. This helps to replace unwanted behaviors with more appropriate ones.

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Topography of Behavior

The physical form or shape of a behavior. For example, the way a child holds a pencil or writes a letter.

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Features of Behavior

The specific features of a behavior that are targeted for reinforcement. This can include the intensity, duration, or frequency of a behavior.

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Latency of Behavior

The speed at which a behavior occurs. A rapid response can be reinforced, while a slower response can be ignored.

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Study Notes

Differential-Reinforcement Procedures

  • Reinforcement is a process where a behavior is strengthened when followed by an environmental improvement, increasing its future occurrence in similar situations.
  • Early human learning is often shaped by natural reinforcement and punishment contingencies.
  • Children repeat actions that elicit positive reactions from parents or peers.
  • Adults adapt their actions based on past successful outcomes (e.g., playing golf).
  • Differential reinforcement is a procedural act to increase desired behaviors by arranging positive consequences tied to the behavior.

Features of Behavior to Target with Differential Reinforcement

  • Topography: This involves reinforcing desired behaviors instead of problem behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) replaces problem behaviors with appropriate actions. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) reinforces periods without unwanted behavior.
  • Rate: Differential reinforcement can target the frequency of behaviors. Differential reinforcement of high-rate behavior (DRH) reinforces responding at or above a specific rate. Differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL) reinforces behavior below a certain rate.
  • Intensity: Differential reinforcement can shape the physical force of a behavior. This might be used to adjust volume or force applied in tasks like speaking.
  • Duration: Reinforcing how long a behavior is maintained (e.g., studying for 3 hours).
  • Latency: The amount of time between the event initiating a behavior and the behavior's initiation. Differential reinforcement reduces this time lag.
  • Interresponse time: The intervals between repetitions of a behavior. Differential reinforcement of short or long interresponse times regulates pacing.

Considerations for Differential-Reinforcement Procedures

  • Response Effort: Easier behaviors are learned faster, while easier behaviors, are learned faster while complex or intricate ones take longer.
  • Immediacy of Reinforcers: Reinforcers delivered immediately after a behavior are more effective. Delayed reinforcement is less potent.
  • Reinforcer Magnitude: Reinforcers of sufficient size and value are effective. High-magnitude reinforcers are initially potent but can lose impact over time.
  • Reinforcer Choice: Giving options of reinforcers can prevent satiation and increase engagement.
  • Token Reinforcement Systems: Using tokens exchangeable for desired items, like a token economy, helps maintain motivation for targeted behaviors.
  • Group Contingencies: Shaping the behavior of many individuals can leverage interdependence. Dependent group contingencies shape behavior based on one person's actions. Independent group contingencies hinge on the group's collective behaviors.

Reinforcement Schedules

  • Ratio Schedules: Reinforcement tied to the quantities of responses (e.g., FR-1, VR-5).
  • Interval Schedules: Reinforcement linked to the time elapsed since the last response (e.g., FI-60 seconds, VI-60 seconds).

Motivating Operations

  • Establishing Operations (EO): Increase a stimulus's value as a reinforcer. Often linked to deprivation or need.
  • Abolishing Operations (AO): Decrease a stimulus's value as a reinforcer, often linked to satiation.

Enhancing Differential Reinforcement Effectiveness

  • Reinforcer Variation: Varying reinforcers can prevent satiation and maintain engagement with a behavior over time.

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Chapter 14 Differential Reinforcement Procedures PDF

Description

Explore the principles and procedures of differential reinforcement used to enhance desired behaviors and diminish problematic ones. This quiz covers key concepts such as reinforcement, topography of behavior, and the impact of natural learning experiences on behavior modification.

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