Diazepam and Endogenous Benzodiazepines
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Questions and Answers

Which drug prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles in the terminal, thereby decreasing the amount of transmitter available for release?

  • L-DOPA
  • Botulinum toxin
  • Tetrodotoxin
  • Reserpine (correct)

    • Where are autoreceptors located?

  • On terminals of a different neurone from the one releasing the transmitter
  • On dendrites on postsynaptic neurone
  • On presynaptic terminals
  • On the same terminal that releases the transmitter (correct)

    • Which drugs affect the prevention of action potentials by blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels?

  • Amantadine
  • Tetrodotoxin (correct)
  • L-DOPA
  • Black widow venom toxin

    • What do you need to be aware of from the presentation related to synaptic transmission?

    <p>The different classes of receptors and the distinction between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs affect the metabolism of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Tricyclic antidepressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are heteroreceptors located?

    <p>On terminals of a different neurone from the one releasing the transmitter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to prevent the release of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Black widow venom toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of presynaptic receptors?

    <p>Modulates the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is covered in the video on synaptic function?

    <p>Receptor activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behavioural neuropharmacology?

    <p>Neurotransmitter binding to its receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state does a neurone rest when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor?

    <p>Resting state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of brain function does neuropharmacology primarily focus on?

    <p>Neurotransmitter synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of brain function does the biological basis of schizophrenia specifically address?

    <p>Neurotransmitter binding to its receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of molecular neuropharmacology?

    <p>Neurotransmitter synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs at the axon hillock?

    <p>Signal integration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of brain function is covered in the video on synaptic function?

    <p>Neurotransmitter binds to receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron receptor acts as a negative feedback mechanism to reduce transmitter release?

    <p>Autoreceptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific compound in the brain known as the brain's 'endozepine'?

    <p>Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are GABA-A receptors located?

    <p>Postsynaptic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is located on the terminals of a different neuron and modulates release of transmitters from the second terminal?

    <p>Heteroreceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can autoreceptor activation inhibit?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of presynaptic receptors in regulating neurotransmitter release?

    <p>Can have opposite effects on the transmitter depending on their location and type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are autoreceptors located?

    <p>Neuronal terminals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DBI's effect on GABA-A receptors?

    <p>Positive allosteric modulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reuptake inhibitors in affecting neurotransmitter clearance?

    <p>Prevent the re-uptake, leading to a build up of transmitters in the terminal and increased availability to bind to receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do breakdown enzyme inhibitors affect neurotransmitter availability?

    <p>Increase the concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft, leading to longer availability to bind to receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the action of receptor agonists?

    <p>Mimic the effect of the native neurotransmitter, causing excitation or inhibition in the post-synaptic neurone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of receptor antagonists in affecting neurotransmitter activity?

    <p>Bind to receptors but do not change the activity of the post-synaptic neurone, preventing native transmitter or agonist from binding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis using precursors impact transmitter availability?

    <p>Increase transmitter synthesis by providing precursors, leading to enhanced transmitter availability in the synaptic cleft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of drugs that prevent active reuptake of transmitters from the synaptic cleft into the terminal?

    <p>Increase availability of transmitters to bind to receptors for longer and enhance their effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic of breakdown enzyme blockers?

    <p>Prevent enzymes from breaking down neurotransmitters, leading to increased transmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft and longer availability to bind to receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of antagonist drugs at neurotransmitter receptors?

    <p>Bind to receptors but do not change activity of post-synaptic neurones, preventing native transmitter or agonist from binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are located at the synaptic cleft between neurons and have ion channels linked to the neurotransmitter binding site?

    <p>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor activation causes intracellular reactions involving g-protein mediated second messenger systems?

    <p>Metabotropic glutamate receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are used to treat conditions involving underactivity of neurotransmitters by acting on neurotransmitter receptors?

    <p>Agonists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves a substance binding to a second binding site on a neurotransmitter receptor, separate from the main transmitter binding site, and enhances or attenuates the effect of the main transmitter?

    <p>Allosteric modulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which venom toxin can act as a neurotransmitter receptor antagonist?

    <p>Curare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor has ion channels normally closed in the resting state, preventing ions from entering the post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Ionotropic receptors are located at the synaptic cleft between neurons, on the post-synaptic neuron dendrite.
    • In the resting state, these receptors have ion channels linked to the neurotransmitter binding site, which are normally closed and prevent ions from entering the post-synaptic neuron.
    • Activation of ionotropic receptors by neurotransmitter binding opens the ion channel, allowing ions (such as Na+ or Cl-) to enter the neuron and change the membrane potential, resulting in excitation (EPSP) or inhibition (IPSP).
    • Examples of ionotropic receptors include nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABA-A receptors, and NMDA receptors.
    • Metabotropic receptors are also located at the synaptic cleft and on the post-synaptic neuron dendrite.
    • In the resting state, these receptors have intracellular signaling cascades linked to the neurotransmitter binding site, which are normally inactive and keep the neuron at rest.
    • Activation of metabotropic receptors by neurotransmitter binding causes intracellular reactions, often involving g-protein mediated second messenger systems, leading to changes in membrane potential and excitation or inhibition.
    • Examples of metabotropic receptors include metabotropic glutamate receptors, GABA-B receptors, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
    • Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are the two main types of neurotransmitter receptors.
    • Therapeutic drugs can act on neurotransmitter receptors to treat various conditions. Agonists are used to treat conditions involving underactivity of neurotransmitters, while antagonists are used to treat conditions involving overactivity.
    • Venom toxins, such as curare and bungarotoxin, can act as neurotransmitter receptor antagonists.
    • Many drugs, such as antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, and certain plant derivatives, act on neurotransmitter receptors as agonists or antagonists.
    • Allosteric modulation is a process by which a substance binds to a second binding site on a neurotransmitter receptor, separate from the main transmitter binding site, and enhances or attenuates the effect of the main transmitter.
    • Allosteric modulation is an important mechanism of neurotransmission, and is used therapeutically, such as the enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition by barbiturates and benzodiazepines.

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    Test your knowledge on diazepam and endogenous benzodiazepines with this quiz covering their uses, functions, and related research findings.

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