Dialysis: Types and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of dialysis?

  • To eliminate waste from the blood (correct)
  • To restore kidney tissue
  • To filter blood for transfusions
  • To enhance kidney function

Which statement correctly describes hemodialysis?

  • It requires a longer treatment time compared to peritoneal dialysis.
  • It is the most common form of dialysis for patients with renal failure.
  • It uses the peritoneum as a filter.
  • Blood is drawn out and returned through an artificial kidney machine. (correct)

What is a key characteristic of peritoneal dialysis?

  • It removes waste more efficiently than hemodialysis.
  • It occurs over a shorter duration than hemodialysis.
  • It requires a machine to filter blood.
  • Dialysate is instilled into the peritoneal cavity. (correct)

What defines a dialysate?

<p>The solution used in peritoneal dialysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to the need for dialysis?

<p>Chronic renal failure or disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What waste substances are typically filtered out during hemodialysis?

<p>Urea, uric acid, and creatinine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exchange in the context of peritoneal dialysis?

<p>Instilling and draining dialysate from the peritoneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions is commonly associated with the dialysis process?

<p>Dialysate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for documenting compounding processes?

<p>To provide evidence in legal situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of proper documentation in the compounding process?

<p>Evaluating marketing strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key factor that indicates the stability of a product?

<p>The presence of pH changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is considered a physical test during quality control?

<p>Leakage testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ensuring proper component quantities are used in compounding?

<p>To maintain labeling accuracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of finished product documentation, what does good documentation help with?

<p>Serving as a control for quality evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of environmental monitoring should be documented?

<p>Temperature logs of refrigeration units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does weight inspection during quality control assess?

<p>Container integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the assessment of staff training included in documentation?

<p>To ensure compliance with compounding regulations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is evaluated by checking for particulate matter in a solution?

<p>Purity of the final product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the dwell time in peritoneal dialysis?

<p>To allow for the diffusion of waste from blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is commonly added to dialysates to maintain electrolyte balance?

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to ensure that irrigation solutions are safe for use?

<p>They must undergo testing for particulate matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of radiopharmaceutical therapy over traditional chemotherapy?

<p>It minimizes side effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the sterile preparation of ophthalmic solutions?

<p>Use of preservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ingredients is included in a Neomycin and Polymyxin B solution for irrigation?

<p>Neomycin sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the formulations of radiopharmaceuticals?

<p>They contain a radioisotope component and a drug molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process utilizes isotonic saline solution to extract Tc-99m?

<p>Elution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for adding buffering agents in ophthalmics?

<p>To enhance the drug's solubility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In quality assurance, what is the primary focus of quality control activities?

<p>Testing finished products for compliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of a quality assurance program?

<p>Monitoring environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term bioavailability refer to in pharmacology?

<p>The degree of drug exposure to target tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for maintaining isotonicity in ophthalmic solutions?

<p>Matching with body fluids' tonicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the quality control program involves monitoring personnel and equipment?

<p>Process validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does potency refer to in pharmacology?

<p>The relative strengths of medications producing the same effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally considered to be not suitable according to USP Chapter /NAPRA for air sampling?

<p>Passive air sampling using TSA settling plates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature must the cleanroom humidity be maintained?

<p>30%-60% relative humidity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gloved fingertip sampling?

<p>To assess the efficacy of handwashing under PPE. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a high-risk compounded sterile preparation (CSP)?

<p>Use of non-sterile components requiring higher level testing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a component of effective media-fill testing?

<p>Incorporating cytotoxic agents into the media. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor monitored to assure cleanroom air quality?

<p>Air pressure differentials and exchanges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should particle count tests be conducted in a cleanroom environment?

<p>Every 6 months or after significant changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes effectiveness in pharmacology?

<p>The percentage of patients achieving a desired response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling uses contact plates filled with agar?

<p>Surface sampling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the action limit be after a particle count test indicates contamination?

<p>Action to determine the source must be taken. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of air sample requires monitoring for bio-burden levels?

<p>Passive air sampling using TSA plates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed through regular performance testing of laminar air flow hoods?

<p>Airflow velocity and pressure dynamics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be documented in the general maintenance log for cleanroom equipment?

<p>Records of temperature and humidity measurements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dialysis

An artificial process to remove waste from the blood.

Hemodialysis

Blood is filtered by a machine using a semipermeable membrane and dialysis solution.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Dialysis solution is put into the abdomen and then drained out to filter waste.

Dialysate

The dialysis solution used in peritoneal dialysis.

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Dialysis Exchange (Cycle)

The process of putting and removing dialysis solution from the abdomen.

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Waste Products (Dialysis)

Urea, uric acid, and creatinine are examples.

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Chronic Renal Failure

A condition where kidneys lose their function.

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Semipermeable Membrane

A membrane allowing some substances to pass through but not others.

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Why document?

Documentation records actions taken, ensuring accountability and supporting evidence for important events like inspections, legal situations, or quality control.

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What are the benefits of good documentation?

Good documentation identifies who, when, and how tasks were performed, enabling quality control, traceability during investigations, and justification for workload.

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What is finished product documentation?

Essential records that ensure procedures were followed during compounding, including component usage, methods, quantities, and labeling.

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What is a physical test for quality control?

A physical test examines the physical attributes like container integrity, particulate matter, weight, color, volume, and odor.

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What's the significance of pH in chemical testing?

Changes in pH can indicate instability, indicating potential issues with the medication's effectiveness or safety.

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What is a chemical test for quality control?

Chemical tests analyze properties like purity, stability, potency, and strength using various techniques to confirm medication quality.

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What are the key factors in stability testing?

Stability testing assesses how well a medication remains effective and safe over time, under specific storage conditions.

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What's the difference between potency and strength?

Potency refers to the strength of a compound's effect, while strength indicates the concentration of the active ingredient.

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Why is proper component usage crucial?

Using the correct components in the right quantities ensures accurate compounding and meets quality standards for the final product.

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Why is environmental monitoring important?

Environmental monitoring ensures the compounding environment is controlled and free from contaminants, maintaining the safety and quality of products.

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Peritoneal Dialysis Dwell Time

The length of time dialysate remains in the peritoneum during peritoneal dialysis.

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Dialysate Composition

The mixture of ingredients in the dialysate solution, similar to extracellular fluid, for peritoneal dialysis.

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Irrigation Solutions

Solutions used for rinsing or cleaning wounds, bladders, or other body parts.

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Radiopharmaceuticals

Radioactive drugs used in medical imaging and therapy, containing a radioisotope and drug molecule.

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Elution Process

Washing a radioisotope from a column; Tc-99m (daughter) is eluted from Mo-99 (parent) with saline.

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Ophthalmic Preparations

Medications formulated for the eyes, including solutions, suspensions, gels, and ointments.

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Sterility (Ophthalmics)

The requirement for ophthalmic preparations to be free from microorganisms.

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Isotonicity (Ophthalmics)

Ophthalmic solutions must have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids to prevent irritation.

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Quality Assurance (QA)

A system of actions to ensure compliance with standards, especially for sterile products in a pharmacy.

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Quality Control (QC)

Testing finished products for compliance with standards to ensure quality.

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Process Validation

Testing and confirming that processes are consistent and reliably produce quality compounded sterile products (CSPs).

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Environmental Monitoring

Regular checks within a compounding area, focusing on air and surface cleanliness.

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Personnel (Sterile Compounding)

Trained personnel responsible for sterile compounding, holding necessary certifications.

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Raw Materials (Sterile Compounding)

Sterile and non-sterile materials used in compounding, meeting standards.

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Facilities (Sterile Compounding)

Designated, clean, and controlled areas to minimize contamination.

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Expiration Dating

Determining the shelf-life for compounded sterile products which is verified by several external references.

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Potency

The relative strength of medications that produce the same effect. The drug with the lowest strength needed to produce the effect is considered the most potent.

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Strength (Medication)

The amount of drug contained in a dosage form. For example, 500 mg/tablet.

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Effectiveness

The percentage of patients who experience a desired response to a medication.

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Non-viable Airborne Particles

Particles in the air that are not living organisms, such as dust or fibers. These particles are monitored in cleanrooms to ensure a sterile environment.

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Viable Airborne Particles

Living organisms (like bacteria) found in the air, monitored in cleanrooms to ensure a sterile environment.

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Air Sampling (Active)

Uses a device to draw a specific volume of air to count particles. This method is essential for monitoring air quality in cleanrooms.

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Air Sampling (Passive)

Uses settling plates, like TSA plates, to allow particles to settle on the agar., monitored for growth.

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CFU (Colony Forming Units)

The number of viable bacteria that can grow into a colony when cultured on a medium like agar.

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Surface Sampling

Monitoring the cleanliness of surfaces in cleanrooms using contact plates or swabs.

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Pressure Differential

The difference in air pressure between two areas, such as a cleanroom and the anteroom, ensuring controlled airflow.

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HEPA Filter

High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter that removes 99.97% of particles larger than 0.3 micrometers from the air.

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Media-Fill Test

A sterility test that uses growth media in place of actual medication. The test simulates compounding processes to ensure no contamination.

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Fingertip Testing

A sterility test where a technician's gloved fingertips are swabbed and incubated to check for potential contamination.

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Aseptic Technique

A set of practices designed to prevent contamination during compounding, involving specific procedures and hand hygiene.

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Low-Risk CSPs

Compounded Sterile Preparations made from sterile supplies and equipment, employing few manipulations.

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Study Notes

Dialysis

  • Dialysis is an artificial process used to remove waste products from the blood
  • Patients with poor or no kidney function often require dialysis
  • It filters waste and excess fluid from the blood similar to a dirty swimming pool
  • Dialysis is needed due to injuries, poisoning, or chronic kidney diseases

Types of Dialysis

  • Hemodialysis: Patients are connected to a machine that filters their blood using a semipermeable membrane and a hypertonic dialysis solution. Blood is temporarily removed, filtered, and then returned.
    • Waste products like urea, uric acid and creatinine are filtered out.
  • Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis solutions are instilled into the peritoneal cavity (membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen). The solution absorbs waste, then drained.
    • Wastes are absorbed via a semipermeable membrane.
    • It is less efficient than hemodialysis but comparable in terms of the overall amount of wastes and fluids removed.

Specialty Parenteral and Sterile Products

  • Dialysates are solutions used for dialysis
    • They are commercially available in different concentrations
    • Hypertonicity in the solutions cause waste to diffuse from the blood
    • Sterile manipulations are necessary because of the presence of antibiotics and heparin
  • Irrigation solutions are similar in composition to IV solutions but labeled "not for injection"
    • They are used for topical and urologic procedures
  • Ophthalmics solutions are sterile and often used to treat eye conditions, infections, allergies

Radiopharmaceuticals

  • Radioactive pharmaceuticals are used for both diagnosis and therapy.
  • A radiopharmaceutical agent is a drug or agent containing a radioisotope component, used for both diagnoses and therapy
  • It emits low levels of radiation
    • used to trace physiological process within the body
  • Radiopharmaceuticals are available in several dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, oral solutions, capsules, and aerosols.
  • Radiopharmaceuticals have specific therapeutic purposes that can help to treat or manage different conditions.

Elution

  • Elution is a process of extracting a substance that was previously adsorbed; it uses a solvent to extract the adsorbed substances.
  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is an isotope used in 85 percent of medical imaging that is eluted from Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) using saline solutions.

Ophthalmics

  • Ophthalmics are medications, preservatives, and solutions used for eye conditions.
  • Preservatives are included because of the risk of contaminations. Also, it maintains sterility.

Quality Assurance and Control (QA/QC)

  • Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) are processes used by pharmacies to guarantee that prescribed medications are produced correctly and safely for each patient.
  • QA ensures compliance and efficiency of the process.
  • QC checks parameters such as materials, personnel, facility, and procedure to guarantee the patient's safety.

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Description

This quiz explores the essential concepts of dialysis, an artificial method for removing waste from the blood in patients with compromised kidney function. Covering both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, the quiz highlights how each method works and their respective efficiency. Test your understanding of these life-saving procedures and their applications.

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