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Questions and Answers
What is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What indicates that chlorophyll is undergoing fluorescence?
What indicates that chlorophyll is undergoing fluorescence?
In chromatography, what factor primarily determines the movement of pigments?
In chromatography, what factor primarily determines the movement of pigments?
What must be avoided to prevent contamination during chromatography?
What must be avoided to prevent contamination during chromatography?
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What will happen to nonpolar pigments in nonpolar solvents during chromatography?
What will happen to nonpolar pigments in nonpolar solvents during chromatography?
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What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Which factor does NOT influence the rate of enzyme activity?
Which factor does NOT influence the rate of enzyme activity?
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What describes the property of a membrane that allows it to let some substances through while preventing others?
What describes the property of a membrane that allows it to let some substances through while preventing others?
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Why does an increase in molecular weight generally lead to a decrease in the rate of diffusion?
Why does an increase in molecular weight generally lead to a decrease in the rate of diffusion?
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What is true about competitive inhibitors?
What is true about competitive inhibitors?
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What is the consequence of increasing temperature on enzyme activity up to a certain point?
What is the consequence of increasing temperature on enzyme activity up to a certain point?
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How does Brownian movement relate to the behavior of molecules in solution?
How does Brownian movement relate to the behavior of molecules in solution?
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What is the role of guaiacol in enzyme activity assays?
What is the role of guaiacol in enzyme activity assays?
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What is the main characteristic of a phospholipid bilayer in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
What is the main characteristic of a phospholipid bilayer in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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How does the steepness of a concentration gradient affect diffusion speed?
How does the steepness of a concentration gradient affect diffusion speed?
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In terms of tonicity, what does hypertonic refer to?
In terms of tonicity, what does hypertonic refer to?
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What determines if a molecule can pass through dialysis tubing?
What determines if a molecule can pass through dialysis tubing?
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Which statement correctly describes osmosis?
Which statement correctly describes osmosis?
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What happens to the appearance of a cell in a hypertonic environment?
What happens to the appearance of a cell in a hypertonic environment?
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What effect does increasing solute concentration have on water potential?
What effect does increasing solute concentration have on water potential?
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Why does iodine turn blue-black in the presence of starch?
Why does iodine turn blue-black in the presence of starch?
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What occurs when all available enzyme or substrate molecules are bound in a reaction?
What occurs when all available enzyme or substrate molecules are bound in a reaction?
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Which statement about nonprotein enzymes is correct?
Which statement about nonprotein enzymes is correct?
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Which of the following describes fluorescence in photosynthesis?
Which of the following describes fluorescence in photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll primarily functions in which aspect of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll primarily functions in which aspect of photosynthesis?
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What happens to accessory pigments when chlorophyll production stops in the fall?
What happens to accessory pigments when chlorophyll production stops in the fall?
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What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
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During the process of chromatography, what is primarily achieved?
During the process of chromatography, what is primarily achieved?
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What is the significance of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
What is the significance of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Dialysis: Osmosis and Diffusion
- The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with polar heads facing outward and nonpolar tails facing inward.
- Nonpolar molecules can easily pass through the membrane, but polar molecules have difficulty.
- Water moves from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential.
- The rate of diffusion is affected by factors like molecular size, polarity, solubility, and concentration gradient.
- Dialysis tubing acts as a model for the cell membrane, as it is also selectively permeable.
- A steep concentration gradient results in faster diffusion.
- Iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch due to a chemical reaction.
- Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration of water to a low concentration.
- The concentration of solutes and water potential are inversely proportional: higher solute concentration means lower water potential.
- Cells in a hypertonic environment shrink as water moves out of them due to a lower water potential outside the cell.
- Cells in a hypotonic environment swell as water moves into them due to a higher water potential outside the cell.
- Cells in an isotonic environment remain unchanged as the water potential inside and outside the cell is equal.
- The rate of diffusion decreases as molecular weight increases.
- Brownian movement, the random motion of particles, is driven by heat.
Enzyme Properties - Catalase Enzyme (Peroxidase)
- Enzymes are proteins made up of amino acids.
- Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
- The active site of an enzyme is the region where the substrate binds.
- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to other sites on the enzyme.
- Guaiacol is an indicator for enzyme activity, turning from colorless to Amber brown when peroxidase is active.
- Saturation occurs when all available substrate or enzyme molecules are bound, leading to a plateau in the reaction rate.
- Nonprotein enzymes exist, but most are protein-based.
- Denaturation is the irreversible loss of enzyme structure and function.
Photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are primary photosynthetic pigments, while carotene and xanthophyll are accessory pigments.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light wavelengths used in photosynthesis and reflects unused wavelengths.
- Accessory pigments absorb a broader range of wavelengths than chlorophyll and transfer their absorbed energy to chlorophyll.
- Fluorescence occurs when electrons fall back to lower energy levels after being excited by light, releasing energy as photons.
- Chlorophyll fluorescence is red, while other pigments fluoresce in different colors.
- Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and produces glucose (a monomer) and oxygen.
- Pigments like chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis as they capture light energy.
- During photosynthesis, light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, while dark reactions fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
- The Rf value (retardation factor) in chromatography is calculated by dividing the distance the pigment moved by the distance the solvent moved.
- Nonpolar pigments travel farthest along the chromatography paper due to their higher solubility in nonpolar solvents.
- The size and solubility of pigments determine their migration speed during chromatography.
- Contamination of chromatography paper with fingerprints can affect the migration of pigments.
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Description
Test your understanding of osmosis and diffusion through the lens of dialysis. This quiz covers key concepts such as the cell membrane structure, the movement of water, and factors affecting diffusion rates. Be prepared to apply your knowledge to various scenarios involving solute concentration and water potential.
