Diagnostic Microbiology Quiz

<p>Kary Mullis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By amplifying DNA or RNA from specific pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect microorganisms in tissue samples (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A second antibody with a conjugated enzyme is added after washing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It analyzes immune response proteins to differentiate infection types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are unable to provide a quantifiable measurement of the pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reagent oxidizes to a purple color end product. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect enzymatic activity related to carbohydrate fermentation or protein catabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirm the turbidity matches that of a 1 MacFarland standard. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is picked and inoculated into sterile water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a method to determine the zone of inhibition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps determine the appropriate chemotherapy for infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MacFarland turbidity standard. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The organism may be classified as susceptible, resistant, or intermediate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor the amplification process continuously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse transcriptase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To separate and compare different plasmid molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a common sequence used for amplification and identification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid fingerprinting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity ensures that true positives are not missed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growing the bacterial strains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA viruses want to move from host to host causing chronic infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross reaction with non-target molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study antibody-antigen interactions in vitro (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger DNA fragments are positioned further from the wells due to their size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher likelihood of detecting true presence of antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double-stranded DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ELISA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity prevents false negatives; specificity prevents false positives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when a soluble antibody interacts with a cell-bound antigen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the use of latex beads or charcoal particles as carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are highly specific, inexpensive, and rapid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A surface antigen of the organism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect (passive) agglutination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The incorporation of fluorescent dyes into the antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involving complex lab equipment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equimolar amounts of antigens and antibodies are present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incubation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To grow a pure culture of one kind of microbe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidase Test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent contamination during specimen handling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to specific segments of the DNA template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>94ºC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stabilize the DNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taq polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Annealing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accurately detect small amounts of antibody or antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The examination of antibody-antigen reactions in vitro (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate identification of a particular antigen among others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No reaction occurs even though Ag or Ab are present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms a visible complex of antigen and antibody (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection of very low levels of antibodies or antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity allows for the detection of small levels of infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sensitivity and specificity of the test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous monitoring of PCR amplification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular weight of plasmids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16S rRNA gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To amplify small DNA samples for analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tag the amplified DNA for quantification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bigger fragments are found further away from the wells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid fingerprinting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A technique used to amplify specific DNA or RNA sequences from a sample using repeated cycles of heating, cooling, and enzymatic replication.

Short, single-stranded DNA sequences that bind to specific target sequences in the DNA or RNA being amplified in PCR.

PCR is a method that can detect very small amounts of a particular organism in a sample. This makes PCR useful for diagnosing infection even when very few pathogens are present.

Primers specific for certain foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and Staphylococcus can be used in PCR to detect their presence in food samples.

The amplification process in PCR requires a special enzyme called polymerase, which is capable of copying DNA under high temperatures.

A reagent that changes color in the presence of cytochrome c oxidase, turning purple when oxidized and remaining colorless when reduced.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c, the last step in the electron transport chain.

A test used to determine the presence or absence of cytochrome c oxidase in bacterial colonies.

A standardized system for identifying bacterial species by their ability to ferment specific carbohydrates or degrade proteins.

A technique used to test a bacterial strain's sensitivity to different antibiotics.

A standardized method to assess bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics by measuring the zone of inhibition around antibiotic discs on an agar plate.

A standard for measuring turbidity (cloudiness) of bacterial suspensions, used to ensure consistent bacterial density during antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

A commonly used agar medium for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ideal for supporting the growth of a wide range of bacteria.

A natural defense mechanism that occurs when the body encounters a foreign substance, often during infections. The immune system recognizes and eliminates threats.

A type of immune response that involves specialized white blood cells called T cells that directly attack infected cells or foreign substances.

Laboratory techniques that use the interaction of antibodies and antigens to detect and identify microbes.

The study of antibody-antigen interactions in a laboratory setting.

The ability of a test to accurately detect even small amounts of the target substance (antibody or antigen).

The ability of a test to accurately identify the target substance (antibody or antigen) and avoid false positive results by reacting only with the specific molecule being tested.

A test result that indicates a substance is PRESENT when it is ACTUALLY ABSENT. This can happen when a test reacts with other molecules that share similarities with the target molecule.

A test result that indicates a substance is ABSENT when it is ACTUALLY PRESENT. This can happen if the amount of the substance is too low for the test to detect.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size using an electric field. Smaller fragments move faster than larger fragments, creating distinct bands on a gel.

A type of PCR that uses fluorescent primers to monitor DNA amplification in real-time. It provides immediate results and allows quantification of DNA targets.

A technique that uses an RNA template to generate cDNA and then synthesize double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). It uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence. It's often used for microbial identification using the 16S rRNA gene.

A method of identifying microbial species or strains based on the number and size of their plasmids. It's useful for distinguishing closely related strains.

The process involves isolating bacterial strains, lysing their cells, and harvesting the plasmids for analysis. This method is used to determine the genetic relatedness of bacteria and can help to identify potential antibiotic resistance genes.

Bacteria that have the ability to cause disease.

A type of virus that carries its genetic information in the form of RNA. It must convert its RNA into DNA to replicate within a host cell.

The visible clumping of an antigen (Ag) when mixed with a specific antibody (Ab).

Agglutination tests are often used for blood typing and identifying pathogens due to their simplicity, specificity, low cost, and speed.

Direct agglutination occurs when a soluble antibody (Ab) directly binds to an antigen (Ag) on the surface of a cell, causing clumping.

Examples of direct agglutination include blood typing and detecting Mycoplasma pneumonia infection.

Indirect or passive agglutination involves attaching soluble antigens (Ags) to inert carriers like latex beads or charcoal particles, then using antibodies (Abs) to cause agglutination.

Passive agglutination tests are suitable for large-scale screening due to their simplicity, specificity, and low cost.

Antibodies can be modified with fluorescent dyes to help visualize their binding to specific targets.

Fluorescent antibody techniques can be either direct (antibody binds directly to the target) or indirect (uses a secondary antibody that binds to a non-fluorescent antibody already bound to the target).

Fluorescent antibodies bind to specific antigens on microorganisms, making them visible under a microscope.

A method of identifying microbes by observing their reaction with specific antibodies that are attached to a fluorescent dye. This allows for faster detection than traditional methods.

This technique involves two antibodies. The first antibody binds to the microbe, and the second antibody, linked to a fluorescent dye, binds to the first antibody.

A laboratory test that uses enzymes to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. It is a sensitive and widely used technique for diagnosing various infections.

A diagnostic test that uses a combination of three immune response proteins in human serum to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections.

The successful identification of a microbe relies on aseptic technique, accurate specimen collection and handling, and swift transport to the lab.

Classificating microbes involves these three categories: Classic microbiology which examines growth and morphology, Molecular microbiology which tests DNA and RNA, and Immunological analysis which uses antigen-antibody reactions.

A sterile technique used to introduce bacteria into a culture medium, preventing contamination.

Allowing microbes to grow in a controlled environment with carefully adjusted conditions like temperature and oxygen levels.

Isolating a single type of microbe from a sample, creating a pure culture where only one type of organism is present.

The first step in PCR where the double-stranded DNA is separated into single strands by heating to 94°C.

The second step in PCR where the primers bind to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA at a temperature of 60°C.

The third step in PCR where the DNA polymerase extends the primers from the 5' to 3' direction, creating a complementary strand, at an optimal temperature of 72°C.

A special type of DNA polymerase that is stable at high temperatures, allowing it to function during PCR cycles.

The process of repeating the denaturation, annealing, and extension steps multiple times to exponentially amplify the target DNA sequence.

The ability of primers to specifically bind to only the intended target DNA sequence, ensuring accurate amplification.

The enzyme used in RT-PCR that converts RNA into cDNA. It is a key component for analyzing RNA sequences.

A common gene used for microbial identification through DNA sequencing. It encodes a ribosomal RNA molecule essential for protein synthesis.

The interaction of a soluble Ag with a soluble Ab to form an insoluble complex (an aggregate of Ag and Ab).

A diagnostic test that uses a combination of three immune response proteins in human serum to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections.