Diabetes Physiology and Insulin Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary physiological role of insulin?

  • Promotion of gluconeogenesis
  • Catabolism of proteins
  • Primarily influencing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (correct)
  • Regulation of blood pressure

    • Which part of the pancreas is responsible for insulin secretion?

  • Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans (correct)
  • Acinar cells
  • Alfa cells
  • Ductal cells

    • What happens to the C-peptide during the activation of proinsulin?

  • It is converted to glucose
  • It is retained in the bloodstream
  • It combines with glucagon
  • It is removed, leaving A and B chains (correct)

    • How long does insulin typically remain active in the bloodstream after secretion?

    <p>15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used as an alternative index of insulin secretion?

    <p>C-peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these mechanisms contributes to diabetes-related complications?

    <p>Nonenzymatic glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of proinsulin?

    <p>An amino-terminal B chain, carboxy-terminal A chain, and C-peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does C-peptide have on complications of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>It slows the progression of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum fasting plasma glucose level that indicates diabetes mellitus?

    <p>126 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Type 1A Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Associated with the development of autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia, what random plasma glucose level indicates diabetes?

    <p>200 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of Type 1A Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Chronic pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of pancreatic beta cells must be destroyed to notice a clinically detectable decrease in insulin secretion?

    <p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from decreased glucose uptake into cells in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Risk of hyperglycemia and cell starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes between Type 1A and Type 1B Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Type 1A is autoimmune; Type 1B lacks autoimmune evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains how glucagon levels change in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Increased due to low insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin deficiency on amino acid uptake?

    <p>Amino acid uptake decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when glucose levels exceed the tubular maximum (Tm) in diabetes?

    <p>Glucose remains in the filtrate causing diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Tm for glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>375 mg/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insulin deficiency affect potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Increased potassium levels resulting in hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is stimulated in adipose tissue due to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecules are produced when fat is broken down in insulin deficiency?

    <p>Ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes related to kidney function?

    <p>Glucose stays in renal filtrate leading to osmotic diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when insulin levels are low in relation to fatty acids?

    <p>Increased use of fatty acids as a fuel source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical issue primarily affects peripheral neurons in diabetic neuropathies?

    <p>Demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifesting symptom is mainly associated with sensory neuropathies in diabetes?

    <p>Numbness and tingling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical consequence of motor neuropathies in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Gait disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetic neuropathy affect autonomic functions?

    <p>Constipation and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of infections in diabetic patients?

    <p>Decreased tissue perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are diabetic patients less likely to notice wounds on their feet?

    <p>Decreased sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the rapid growth of pathogenic bacteria in diabetic patients?

    <p>Hyperglycemic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can impaired WBC function in diabetes lead to?

    <p>Worsened infection outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of capillary basement membrane thickening due to chronic hyperglycemia?

    <p>Reduced gas exchange between the capillary and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased capillary permeability affect oxygen delivery?

    <p>Reduces oxygen delivery due to edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the shunting of glucose to the polyol pathway in insulin-independent tissues?

    <p>Cellular swelling potentially resulting in injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from excessive shunting of glucose via the polyol pathway?

    <p>Formation of cataracts leading to visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of inappropriate activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in chronic diabetes?

    <p>Increased damage to endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of arterial smooth muscle proliferation due to chronic hyperglycemia?

    <p>Thickening of arterial walls leading to hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the production of oxygen free radicals affect cells in chronic diabetes?

    <p>It causes injury to endothelial cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of hyperglycemia promoting coagulation in diabetes?

    <p>Formation of clots leading to ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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