35 Questions
What is a potential consequence of excess insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic drugs?
Hypoglycemia
What is the effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis?
Decreases gluconeogenesis
What is a symptom of hypoglycemia?
Tachycardia
What is the treatment for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state?
Insulin and fluid replacement
What is the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state linked to?
Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
What is the primary function of the Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans?
Secrete glucagon
What is the diagnostic criterion for a fasting plasma glucose level in diabetes diagnosis?
≥126 mg/dL
What is the estimated time period that HemoglobinA1C values reflect average blood glucose levels?
past 2-3 months
What is the percentage of diabetes patients with Type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
What is the primary advantage of using HemoglobinA1C for diabetes diagnosis?
No need to fast
What is the primary mechanism of immune-mediated Type 1 diabetes?
T-cell mediated hypersensitivity
What percentage of Type 1 diabetes patients have an idiopathic cause?
5%
What is the decrease in B-cell mass in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
60-70%
What is the characteristic of insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes?
It occurs 10-20 years before hyperglycemia is evident
What is the symptom of hyperglycemia when plasma glucose levels exceed renal reabsorption?
Glucosuria
What is the process by which the body produces ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Lipolysis
What is the characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and marked fatigue
What is the primary function of the Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans?
Secrete insulin
What is the correlation between HemoglobinA1C values and diabetic complications?
Direct correlation
What percentage of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have Type 1 diabetes?
5%
What is the term for excessive thirst and hunger in diabetes?
Polyphagia and polydipsia
What is the estimated percentage of diabetes patients with Type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
What is the advantage of using HemoglobinA1C for diabetes diagnosis?
No need to fast
What is the diagnosis criterion for Metabolic Syndrome?
Three or more of the following
What is the mechanism of immune-mediated Type 1 diabetes?
Genetic predisposition and environmental trigger
What is the cause of polyuria in diabetes?
Osmotic diuresis
What is the time period that HemoglobinA1C values reflect average blood glucose levels?
Previous 2-3 months
What is the estimated prevalence of diabetes in the USA among 20-year-olds?
0.3%
Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which the body produces ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Ketogenesis
What is a characteristic of macrovascular disease in diabetes?
All of the above
What is a criterion for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
All of the above
What is a complication of diabetic neuropathy?
Skin ulcers
What is a characteristic of atherosclerotic disease in diabetes?
All of the above
What is a consequence of uncontrolled diabetes?
All of the above
Learn about the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolarity, including the effects of insulin and the consequences of its deficiency. Understand the effects on glucose metabolism, lipolysis, and protein synthesis.
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