Diabetes Pathophysiology

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of excess insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic drugs?

  • Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
  • Hypoglycemia (correct)
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis

What is the effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis?

  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • Decreases gluconeogenesis (correct)
  • Has no effect on gluconeogenesis
  • Increases gluconeogenesis

What is a symptom of hypoglycemia?

  • Seizures
  • Tachycardia (correct)
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • All of the above

What is the treatment for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state?

<p>Insulin and fluid replacement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state linked to?

<p>Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

<p>Secrete glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic criterion for a fasting plasma glucose level in diabetes diagnosis?

<p>≥126 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated time period that HemoglobinA1C values reflect average blood glucose levels?

<p>past 2-3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of diabetes patients with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>5-10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using HemoglobinA1C for diabetes diagnosis?

<p>No need to fast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of immune-mediated Type 1 diabetes?

<p>T-cell mediated hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Type 1 diabetes patients have an idiopathic cause?

<p>5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decrease in B-cell mass in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

<p>60-70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes?

<p>It occurs 10-20 years before hyperglycemia is evident (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptom of hyperglycemia when plasma glucose levels exceed renal reabsorption?

<p>Glucosuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the body produces ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Lipolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and marked fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

<p>Secrete insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between HemoglobinA1C values and diabetic complications?

<p>Direct correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have Type 1 diabetes?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excessive thirst and hunger in diabetes?

<p>Polyphagia and polydipsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of diabetes patients with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>5-10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using HemoglobinA1C for diabetes diagnosis?

<p>No need to fast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis criterion for Metabolic Syndrome?

<p>Three or more of the following (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of immune-mediated Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Genetic predisposition and environmental trigger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of polyuria in diabetes?

<p>Osmotic diuresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time period that HemoglobinA1C values reflect average blood glucose levels?

<p>Previous 2-3 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of diabetes in the USA among 20-year-olds?

<p>0.3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body produces ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Ketogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of macrovascular disease in diabetes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criterion for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of diabetic neuropathy?

<p>Skin ulcers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of atherosclerotic disease in diabetes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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