Diabetes Mellitus: Unit 3 Part 3 Notes (Brunel University London)
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of diabetes LADA?

  • High insulin resistance
  • Linked to obesity
  • Due to faulty genetic programming
  • Latent autoimmune diabetes (correct)
  • What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Around 13 years (correct)
  • Before 20 years
  • At birth
  • After 40 years
  • What is the main factor contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Poor lifestyle choices (correct)
  • Insulin receptor resistance
  • Autoimmune response
  • Faulty genetic programming
  • Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of diabetes?

    <p>South Asians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of undiagnosed diabetes cases in the UK?

    <p>Around 1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Its high incidence and preventability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diabetes according to the WHO definition?

    <p>Hyperglycaemia in the absence of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of plasma glucose levels in the human body?

    <p>4-6mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of 80% of diabetic deaths?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones play a key role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the human body?

    <p>Glucagon and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the pathology of diabetes on carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes link to atherosclerosis?

    <p>Through dyslipidaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hyperglycaemia acting on the receptors?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which glucose binds to proteins and lipids in the blood?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) on the endothelial wall?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resistance to insulin's effects on glucose uptake in the body?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess glucose binding to proteins and lipids within the capillary wall structure?

    <p>Microvascular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to reduce VAT and down-regulate the host of VAT-derived factors driving IR and beta cell failure?

    <p>A combination of exercise and bariatric surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of reducing calorie intake in terms of appetite?

    <p>It releases a fullness hormone to reduce appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to get a good night's sleep in relation to visceral fat?

    <p>Sleep apnea can increase visceral fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to get a longer-term view of blood glucose levels?

    <p>HBA1C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a 1% reduction in HBA1c in terms of developing HF?

    <p>16% decrease in risk of HF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of Thomas based on his FPG level of 5.7mmol/l?

    <p>Prediabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of Abigail based on her random blood test result of 11.5mmol/l?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the bolus insulin dose if an exercise session is within the time action period of that insulin?

    <p>Reduced by 25% to 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be done to the basal insulin dose if engaging in regular exercise?

    <p>Reduced by 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the basal rates when using an insulin pump and exercising?

    <p>Reduced by 50% to 80% 60-90 minutes before exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may not be experienced by people on Betablockers during hypoglycemia?

    <p>Palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may hypoglycemia be more severe in people on Betablockers?

    <p>Because Beta blockers prevent adrenaline from stimulating the liver to make glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored for in people taking anti-hyperglycaemic medications, even in the absence of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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