Diabetes Mellitus: Unit 3 Part 3 Notes (Brunel University London)

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What is the main characteristic of diabetes LADA?

High insulin resistance

Linked to obesity

Due to faulty genetic programming

Latent autoimmune diabetes (correct)

What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Around 13 years (correct)

Before 20 years

At birth

After 40 years

What is the main factor contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Poor lifestyle choices (correct)

Insulin receptor resistance

Autoimmune response

Faulty genetic programming

Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of diabetes?

South Asians (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of undiagnosed diabetes cases in the UK?

Around 1 million (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Its high incidence and preventability (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of diabetes according to the WHO definition?

Hyperglycaemia in the absence of treatment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of plasma glucose levels in the human body?

4-6mmol/L (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of 80% of diabetic deaths?

Atherosclerosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones play a key role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the human body?

Glucagon and insulin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the pathology of diabetes on carbohydrate metabolism?

Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does diabetes link to atherosclerosis?

Through dyslipidaemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hyperglycaemia acting on the receptors?

Decreased sensitivity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which glucose binds to proteins and lipids in the blood?

Glycosylation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) on the endothelial wall?

Pro-inflammatory response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resistance to insulin's effects on glucose uptake in the body?

Insulin resistance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess glucose binding to proteins and lipids within the capillary wall structure?

Microvascular damage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to reduce VAT and down-regulate the host of VAT-derived factors driving IR and beta cell failure?

A combination of exercise and bariatric surgery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of reducing calorie intake in terms of appetite?

It releases a fullness hormone to reduce appetite (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to get a good night's sleep in relation to visceral fat?

Sleep apnea can increase visceral fat (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test used to get a longer-term view of blood glucose levels?

HBA1C (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a 1% reduction in HBA1c in terms of developing HF?

16% decrease in risk of HF (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of Thomas based on his FPG level of 5.7mmol/l?

Prediabetes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of Abigail based on her random blood test result of 11.5mmol/l?

Diabetes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the bolus insulin dose if an exercise session is within the time action period of that insulin?

Reduced by 25% to 50% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to the basal insulin dose if engaging in regular exercise?

Reduced by 20% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the basal rates when using an insulin pump and exercising?

Reduced by 50% to 80% 60-90 minutes before exercise (D) Signup and view all the answers

What may not be experienced by people on Betablockers during hypoglycemia?

Palpitations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why may hypoglycemia be more severe in people on Betablockers?

Because Beta blockers prevent adrenaline from stimulating the liver to make glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored for in people taking anti-hyperglycaemic medications, even in the absence of hyperglycemia?

Ketoacidosis (C) Signup and view all the answers