Diabetes Mellitus: Unit 3 Part 3 Notes (Brunel University London)
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of diabetes LADA?

  • High insulin resistance
  • Linked to obesity
  • Due to faulty genetic programming
  • Latent autoimmune diabetes (correct)

What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Around 13 years (correct)
  • Before 20 years
  • At birth
  • After 40 years

What is the main factor contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Poor lifestyle choices (correct)
  • Insulin receptor resistance
  • Autoimmune response
  • Faulty genetic programming

Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of diabetes?

<p>South Asians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of undiagnosed diabetes cases in the UK?

<p>Around 1 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>Its high incidence and preventability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of diabetes according to the WHO definition?

<p>Hyperglycaemia in the absence of treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of plasma glucose levels in the human body?

<p>4-6mmol/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of 80% of diabetic deaths?

<p>Atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones play a key role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the human body?

<p>Glucagon and insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the pathology of diabetes on carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does diabetes link to atherosclerosis?

<p>Through dyslipidaemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hyperglycaemia acting on the receptors?

<p>Decreased sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which glucose binds to proteins and lipids in the blood?

<p>Glycosylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) on the endothelial wall?

<p>Pro-inflammatory response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resistance to insulin's effects on glucose uptake in the body?

<p>Insulin resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess glucose binding to proteins and lipids within the capillary wall structure?

<p>Microvascular damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to reduce VAT and down-regulate the host of VAT-derived factors driving IR and beta cell failure?

<p>A combination of exercise and bariatric surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of reducing calorie intake in terms of appetite?

<p>It releases a fullness hormone to reduce appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to get a good night's sleep in relation to visceral fat?

<p>Sleep apnea can increase visceral fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test used to get a longer-term view of blood glucose levels?

<p>HBA1C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a 1% reduction in HBA1c in terms of developing HF?

<p>16% decrease in risk of HF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of Thomas based on his FPG level of 5.7mmol/l?

<p>Prediabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of Abigail based on her random blood test result of 11.5mmol/l?

<p>Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the bolus insulin dose if an exercise session is within the time action period of that insulin?

<p>Reduced by 25% to 50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to the basal insulin dose if engaging in regular exercise?

<p>Reduced by 20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the basal rates when using an insulin pump and exercising?

<p>Reduced by 50% to 80% 60-90 minutes before exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may not be experienced by people on Betablockers during hypoglycemia?

<p>Palpitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may hypoglycemia be more severe in people on Betablockers?

<p>Because Beta blockers prevent adrenaline from stimulating the liver to make glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored for in people taking anti-hyperglycaemic medications, even in the absence of hyperglycemia?

<p>Ketoacidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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