25 Questions
What are the four types of diabetes mellitus?
Pre diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes
What is the primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of type 1 diabetes.
False
In type 1 diabetes, breakdown of body fats and proteins can lead to ________________ due to the absence of insulin.
ketoacidosis
Match the following symptoms with type 1 diabetes:
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Dehydration = Symptoms Abrupt onset, Normal body weight, Family history = Characteristics Ketosis development, Blurred vision, Fatigue = Hyperglycemia Symptoms
What is the primary cause of blurred vision in patients with hyperglycemia?
Exposure to hyperosmolar fluids
What is the result of excess fatty acids from adipose tissue?
Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in ketoacidosis?
Excess ketoacids
What is the effect of hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluid?
Water shifts from inside the cell to outside
What is the primary compensatory mechanism in response to metabolic acidosis?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of the Somogyi effect?
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
What is the primary characteristic of neuropathy?
Impaired pain sensation
What is the primary location of somatic neuropathy?
Lower extremities
What is the primary cause of ulcers in diabetic patients?
Impaired pain sensation
What is the primary effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels?
Increased blood glucose levels
What is the main consequence of the inability to transport glucose into the cells in diabetes mellitus?
Breakdown of body fats and proteins to generate cellular energy
Which of the following statements is true regarding type 1 diabetes?
It is caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What is the role of insulin in lipolysis?
Insulin inhibits lipolysis
What is the typical age of onset of type 1 diabetes?
Childhood
What is the consequence of elevated blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes?
Glycosuria accompanied by osmotic large volume losses
Why does polydipsia occur in type 1 diabetes?
Due to cellular dehydration
What is the effect of insulin absence on fatty acid metabolism in type 1 diabetes?
Fatty acids are released from fat cells and converted to ketones
What is the characteristic feature of type 1 diabetes regarding beta cell mass?
Markedly reduced
What is the association between human leukocyte antigen and type 1 diabetes?
Positive association
What is the clinical management of type 1 diabetes?
Insulin therapy
Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Characterized by an imbalance between insulin secretion and cellular responsiveness to insulin
- inability to transport glucose into the cells, leading to cellular starvation and breakdown of fat and protein to generate energy
Types of Diabetes
- Pre-diabetes
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Gestational diabetes
Risk Factors
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- Leading cause of blindness
- Chronic kidney disease
- Lower extremity amputations
Type 1 Diabetes
- Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Most immune-mediated, with specific autoantibodies
- Related to genetic predisposition, with multiple genes involved
- Located in the human leukocyte antigen gene
- Characterized by absolute lack of insulin, elevated blood glucose, and ketoacidosis
- Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, and dehydration
- Age of onset: usually childhood
- Body weight: normal
- Family history: less common, but with a positive association of human leukocyte antigen
Clinical Management
- Insulin is absolutely required
- Elevated blood glucose leads to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
- Symptoms: thirst, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, and skin infections
- Severity of ketoacidosis based on severity of metabolic acidosis
Metabolic Derangements
- Hyperglycemia
- Ketosis
- Metabolic acidosis
Compensatory Mechanisms
- Increased heart rate due to low blood volume
- Increased rate and depth of respirations (Kussmaul breathing)
- Somogyi effect: counterregulatory mechanism in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Neuropathy
- Impaired pain sensation caused by atrophy and demyelination of nerve fibers
- Motor: weakness of intrinsic muscles
- Ulcers can form on heels, plantar metatarsal area, and the great toe
- Somatic neuropathy: paresthesia, burning sensation, numbness, and decreased senses of vibration, pain, temperature, and proprioception
Diabetes Mellitus
- Characterized by an imbalance between insulin secretion and cellular responsiveness to insulin
- inability to transport glucose into the cells, leading to cellular starvation and breakdown of fat and protein to generate energy
Types of Diabetes
- Pre-diabetes
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Gestational diabetes
Risk Factors
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- Leading cause of blindness
- Chronic kidney disease
- Lower extremity amputations
Type 1 Diabetes
- Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Most immune-mediated, with specific autoantibodies
- Related to genetic predisposition, with multiple genes involved
- Located in the human leukocyte antigen gene
- Characterized by absolute lack of insulin, elevated blood glucose, and ketoacidosis
- Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, and dehydration
- Age of onset: usually childhood
- Body weight: normal
- Family history: less common, but with a positive association of human leukocyte antigen
Clinical Management
- Insulin is absolutely required
- Elevated blood glucose leads to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
- Symptoms: thirst, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, and skin infections
- Severity of ketoacidosis based on severity of metabolic acidosis
Metabolic Derangements
- Hyperglycemia
- Ketosis
- Metabolic acidosis
Compensatory Mechanisms
- Increased heart rate due to low blood volume
- Increased rate and depth of respirations (Kussmaul breathing)
- Somogyi effect: counterregulatory mechanism in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Neuropathy
- Impaired pain sensation caused by atrophy and demyelination of nerve fibers
- Motor: weakness of intrinsic muscles
- Ulcers can form on heels, plantar metatarsal area, and the great toe
- Somatic neuropathy: paresthesia, burning sensation, numbness, and decreased senses of vibration, pain, temperature, and proprioception
Learn about the characteristics and effects of diabetes mellitus, including the four types and risk factors for related diseases. Test your knowledge of this common metabolic disorder.
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