Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in regulating blood glucose levels?
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in regulating blood glucose levels?
- Glucagon
- Aldosterone (correct)
- Cortisol
- Thyroxine
What is the primary role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?
What is the primary role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?
- Stimulates glucose uptake by cells (correct)
- Promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver
- Increases glucagon release
- Enhances glucose production in the kidneys
What is the relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin secretion?
What is the relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin secretion?
- Insulin secretion is independent of blood glucose levels.
- Low blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion.
- Insulin secretion is inversely proportional to blood glucose levels.
- High blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion. (correct)
What is the precursor of insulin?
What is the precursor of insulin?
Which of these is NOT a leading cause of death related to diabetes?
Which of these is NOT a leading cause of death related to diabetes?
What is the primary function of the GLUT2 transporter in pancreatic beta cells?
What is the primary function of the GLUT2 transporter in pancreatic beta cells?
Which of the following processes directly results in depolarization of the pancreatic beta cell membrane?
Which of the following processes directly results in depolarization of the pancreatic beta cell membrane?
What is the approximate global prevalence of diabetes mellitus in 2019?
What is the approximate global prevalence of diabetes mellitus in 2019?
Which glucose transporter is primarily responsible for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, allowing for glucose storage?
Which glucose transporter is primarily responsible for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, allowing for glucose storage?
Insulin's effect on lipid metabolism includes:
Insulin's effect on lipid metabolism includes:
Which of these glucose transporters is found in pancreatic beta cells and acts as a glucose sensor?
Which of these glucose transporters is found in pancreatic beta cells and acts as a glucose sensor?
What is the primary mechanism by which insulin lowers blood glucose levels?
What is the primary mechanism by which insulin lowers blood glucose levels?
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism?
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism?
What is the primary function of GLUT-1?
What is the primary function of GLUT-1?
Which of these is NOT a direct consequence of increased intracellular calcium levels in pancreatic beta cells?
Which of these is NOT a direct consequence of increased intracellular calcium levels in pancreatic beta cells?
Insulin's effect on protein metabolism primarily involves:
Insulin's effect on protein metabolism primarily involves:
What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?
What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?
Which glucose transporter is characterized by its bidirectional transport, allowing for glucose both uptake and release by hepatocytes?
Which glucose transporter is characterized by its bidirectional transport, allowing for glucose both uptake and release by hepatocytes?
Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
A chronic disorder with impaired glucose metabolism leading to hyperglycemia and complications in multiple organs.
Impaired glucose metabolism
Impaired glucose metabolism
A disruption in the body's ability to use glucose properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Complications of Diabetes
Complications of Diabetes
Secondary conditions like blindness, lower limb amputation, ESRD, and neuropathy that arise from uncontrolled diabetes.
Insulin deficiency
Insulin deficiency
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Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance
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Hormonal regulation of blood glucose
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose
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C-peptide
C-peptide
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GLUT2 transporters
GLUT2 transporters
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Voltage-gated Ca channels
Voltage-gated Ca channels
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Exocytosis of insulin
Exocytosis of insulin
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Effects of insulin on glucose metabolism
Effects of insulin on glucose metabolism
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Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis
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Anabolic effect of insulin
Anabolic effect of insulin
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GLUT-1
GLUT-1
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GLUT-2
GLUT-2
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GLUT-3
GLUT-3
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GLUT-4
GLUT-4
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Insulin's role in glucose transport
Insulin's role in glucose transport
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus Definition
- Chronic disorder marked by impaired glucose metabolism leading to hyperglycemia.
- Associated with secondary changes in multiple organs, causing complications.
- Caused by insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both.
Leading Causes of Diabetes
- Non-traumatic lower limb amputation
- Adult blindness
- End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
- Peripheral neuropathy
Diabetes Incidence
- Global estimate of 463 million individuals with diabetes in 2019.
- Regional variations in the number of cases reported in the 20-79 years age group.
- Egypt among the top 10 countries with the highest number of diabetic patients (9 million in 2019).
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose
- Decreasing Blood Glucose: Insulin, amylin, GLP-1, GIP
- Increasing Blood Glucose: Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisone, catecholamines, thyroxine
Insulin Synthesis
- Proinsulin (precursor), cleaved into insulin & C-peptide.
- Blood C-peptide level is a marker of endogenous insulin secretion.
Insulin Secretion Stimulation
- Increased blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion via GLUT2 transporters.
- Glucose metabolism generates ATP, blocking ATP-sensitive K channels.
- Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca channels, triggering insulin release via exocytosis.
Glucose Action
- CHO (Carbohydrates): Gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis decrease, glycogenogenesis increases (liver and muscle). Glucose uptake by muscle and fat tissues using glucose transporters.
- LIPID: Increased lipogenesis, decreased lipolysis, and ketogenesis.
- PROTEIN: A potent anabolic effect mediated by enhanced amino acid uptake.
- OTHER: Intracellular K+ shift.
Insulin Action
- Insulin binds to its receptor, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events.
- This cascade includes MAPK, IRS, and PI3K pathways.
- Insulin promotes GLUT4 translocation to cell membranes, leading to glucose uptake.
- Resultant glucose metabolism promotes protein, lipid, and glycogen synthesis.
Glucose Transporters
- GLUT-1: High affinity for glucose, found in blood-brain barrier, RBCs, CNS and cornea, placenta and fetal tissue. Insulin independent.
- GLUT-2: High capacity, low affinity glucose transporter, bidirectional, found in kidneys and small intestine/hepatic cells, insulin independent.
- GLUT-3: High affinity for glucose, found in many human cells, blood brain barrier, placenta etc. Insulin independent.
- GLUT-4: Key role in regulating glucose homeostasis, insulin dependent glucose uptake., located skeletal muscle and heart muscle.
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