Diabetes Mellitus Overview

<p>Increased physical exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia in the absence of treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pathogenic process leading to hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age ≥ 40 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>153 - 198 mg/dl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blurred vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Requirement of insulin as the initial therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglyceride &gt; 250mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>92-125 mg/dl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metformin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming more saturated fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One drink (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500mg PO at bedtime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation sulfonylureas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When there are symptoms of diabetes or HbA1c is greater than 9% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advise at least 5% weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eat a diet rich in vegetables and 1-2 servings of fruit per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiate subcutaneous insulin injections as soon as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Split the dose into morning and evening doses (2/3rd am and 1/3rd pm) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-monitoring of blood glucose when there are medication or lifestyle changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education on diabetes, insulin, hypoglycemia, and chronic complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As frequently as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-4 times a year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent illness or complications development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia with BG ≥250 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Start IV Fluids with 1 bag of normal saline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizziness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral glucose 20g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Give 1 L normal saline over 30 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant ketone production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to the body not producing enough insulin, the body not using insulin properly, or both.

Diabetes is a growing global concern, affecting millions worldwide. It's a complex disease with a variety of complications, ranging from vision loss to kidney failure.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body doesn't use insulin properly, leading to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream.

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the needs of the growing fetus.

Diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Many complications are preventable through good management.

To manage diabetes, lifestyle modifications like regular physical activity and a healthy diet are crucial. Medications and insulin therapy may also be required.

Preventing diabetes involves adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking.

A period before the development of diabetes, where glucose regulation worsens gradually.

A situation where blood sugar levels are abnormally high, often a defining characteristic of diabetes.

Diabetes caused by specific genetic defects affecting insulin secretion or action, metabolic issues impairing insulin secretion, mitochondrial dysfunction, or other conditions affecting glucose tolerance.

A subtype of diabetes characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, early onset of hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss or fatigue.

A subtype of diabetes caused by a genetic mutation, typically affecting individuals at a younger age.

A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes.

A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves after delivery.

A type of diabetes where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

A type of diabetes where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't use the insulin it produces effectively.

Frequent urination, usually exceeding 3 liters per day, could be an indicator of diabetes.

Individuals with a first-degree relative with diabetes and a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 should undergo regular diabetes screening.

A diet that emphasizes whole foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting processed foods and added sugars.

A type of medication commonly used as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, known for not causing weight gain or low blood sugar.

A group of medications that help the pancreas release more insulin to lower blood sugar. However, they can cause weight gain and low blood sugar.

A measure of how well your blood sugar is controlled over a period of time, often used by doctors to monitor diabetes management.

The process of adjusting medication dosages or adding new treatments to better control blood sugar levels.

A serious condition where blood sugar drops too low, often caused by medications or missing meals. It can lead to dizziness, confusion, and even seizures.

A health condition characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 or higher, indicating excess weight.

Quitting smoking and alcohol use is vital, especially when managing diabetes. It can significantly improve health outcomes and reduce diabetes complications.

If lifestyle modifications and oral medications aren't enough to control blood sugar in type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy is often added. Start with NPH insulin at bedtime and gradually increase the dose based on fasting blood sugar levels.

Type 1 diabetes requires immediate insulin therapy. A combination of long/intermediate-acting insulin and rapid-acting insulin is usually prescribed to manage blood sugar throughout the day.

Patients with diabetes need to be educated on the disease, their medications, how to recognize and manage hypoglycemia, as well as potential long-term complications. Diet and exercise are crucial.

Patients with diabetes should be monitored regularly. Check HbA1c 2-4 times a year to evaluate long-term blood sugar control. More frequent monitoring may be necessary if there are changes in medications, hypoglycemia, recent illness, or complications.

Frequent blood sugar monitoring with a glucometer is recommended for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (especially when on insulin). This helps track blood sugar fluctuations and adjust medication doses if necessary.

Patients with type 2 diabetes not on insulin may only need to monitor their blood sugar when making diet or exercise changes, when medications are adjusted, or if their HbA1c is abnormal despite normal fasting blood sugar.

Monitor blood sugar levels before meals (fasting) and after meals (postprandial) to detect fluctuations and adjust medication or insulin doses if necessary.

A condition in which the body produces excess ketones due to a lack of insulin, leading to a high blood glucose level, acidic blood, and dehydration. It usually develops rapidly, within a few hours or days, and is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes.

Characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels (generally above 600 mg/dL), dehydration, and a change in mental status. It typically develops more slowly than DKA, often over several days, and mostly affects individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Excessive urination, often resulting from high blood glucose causing the kidneys to try to eliminate excess sugar.

Excessive thirst, often driven by dehydration caused by polyuria (frequent urination).

A sweet, fruity odor on the breath, often associated with DKA, caused by the breakdown of ketones.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia include headache, hunger, irritability, anxiety, tingling sensations, rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, difficulty speaking, confusion, uncoordinated movements, stupor, paleness, seizures, and coma.

Treatment of hypoglycemia involves administering glucose to quickly raise the blood sugar level. This can be done orally with sugar, candy, or dextrose solution, or intravenously if the patient is unable to swallow.